Table 1.

Effects of the adapted Personalized Cognitive Counseling (PCC) intervention on various classes of substances and substance use concurrent with sexual risk among episodic substance-using MSM, Project ECHO, San Francisco, CA, 2010–2012.

Substance use outcomes		Baseline^a (%)	3 Month (%)	6 Month (%)	GEE Poisson regression models^b
Substance use outcomes		Baseline^a (%)	3 Month (%)	6 Month (%)	RR	95% CI	p-value
Any substance use (exclusive of alcohol)	PCC	85	79	83	0.98	0.9–1.07	0.31
Any substance use (exclusive of alcohol)	Control	84	82	83
Any alcohol	PCC	96	94	91	0.93	.89–.97	<0.001^*
Any alcohol	Control	98	97	99
Any ecstasy	PCC	21	24	28	1.31	.94–1.83	0.12
Any ecstasy	Control	24	23	22
Any GHB	PCC	7	7	7	0.62	.31–1.24	0.18
Any GHB	Control	8	7	12
Any marijuana	PCC	63	62	56	0.84	.73–.98	0.02^*
Any marijuana	Control	61	66	65
Any methamphetamine	PCC	9	9	5	0.72	.36–1.42	0.34
Any methamphetamine	Control	10	10	8
Any poppers	PCC	44	30	29	1.04	.74–1.46	0.82
Any poppers	Control	41	28	26
Any crack	PCC	2	3	4	1.64	.65–4.15	0.29
Any crack	Control	4	4	3
Any cocaine	PCC	30	26	29	1.05	.77–1.43	0.76
Any cocaine	Control	35	24	30
Any prescription drugs	PCC	12	10	9	0.57	.31–1.03	0.06
Any prescription drugs	Control	11	9	15
Any erectile dysfunction drugs	PCC	22	16	13	0.51	.33–.79	<0.001^*
Any erectile dysfunction drugs	Control	16	18	21
Any UAI with alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine or poppers	PCC	79	34	31	0.85	0.61–1.17	0.25
Any UAI with alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine or poppers	Control	74	41	33

		Baseline^a (mean)	3 Month (mean)	6 Month (mean)	GEE negative binomial regression models^b
		Baseline^a (mean)	3 Month (mean)	6 Month (mean)	RR	95% CI	p-value
No. UAI events w/alcohol	PCC	2.28	0.83	0.75	0.69	.39–1.2	0.19
No. UAI events w/alcohol	Control	2.26	1.13	1.01
No. UAI events w/methamphetamine	PCC	0.17	0.09	0.09	0.26	.08–.84	0.02^*
No. UAI events w/methamphetamine	Control	0.26	0.37	0.37
No. UAI events w/cocaine	PCC	0.26	0.16	0.14	1.07	.35–3.27	0.0
No. UAI events w/cocaine	Control	0.33	0.12	0.15
No UAI events w/poppers	PCC	0.86	0.27	0.22	0.0	.24–1.52	0.28
No UAI events w/poppers	Control	0.69	0.41	0.28
No. binge drinking days (5+ drinks)	PCC	8.98	7.55	7.53	0.87	.64–1.19	0.39
No. binge drinking days (5+ drinks)	Control	8.68	7.78	8.51

Outcome^c	Ordered logistic regression models^a,^b
Outcome^c	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Alcohol intoxication frequency	0.54	0.34–0.85	0.007^*
Methamphetamine use frequency	0.61	0.25–1.52	0.29
Cocaine use frequency	0.89	0.55–1.46	0.65
Poppers use frequency	1.05	0.63–1.73	0.85
SDS Alcohol	0.92	0.59–1.42	0.70
SDS Methamphetamine	0.79	0.27–2.32	0.67
SDS Cocaine	0.80	0.40–1.60	0.53
SDS Poppers	0.34	0.09–1.27	0.11

Notes: RR indicates rate ratio (i.e., the ratio of the intervention and control rates of change in the mean value of the outcome over time, our summary measure of the intervention effect. The linearity assumption was checked); CI, confidence interval; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; SDS, severity of dependence scale score.

No significant differences in substance use outcomes were observed between PCC and Control conditions at baseline.

No evidence of violation from proportional odds assumption in all models.

Alcohol was measured as frequency of being intoxicated (i.e., “drunk or buzzed from alcohol); categories for alcohol and substance use are based no-use and frequency of use recoded into tertiles (i.e. 1–33‰, 34–66‰, 67–100‰); categories for severity of dependence scale are based on score of 0 and scores above zero recoded into tertiles.

p-value < 0.05.