Table 2.
Prevalence ratios of poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7 % vs. ≤7 %)a
| Determinants | Unadjusted models | Model 1b | Model 2c | P-valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤ 57 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 58–68 | 0.69 (0.64, 0.74) | 0.70 (0.65. 0.75) | 0.75 (0.70, 0.81) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 69 | 0.47 (0.43, 0.51) | 0.48 (0.44, 0.53) | 0.53 (0.48, 0.59) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 0.06 |
| Race/ethnicitye | ||||
| Native American | 1.56 (1.30, 1.88) | 1.41 (1.17, 1.71) | 1.42 (1.17, 1.72) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.78 |
| Black | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 0.64 |
| Pacific Islander | 0.96 (0.63, 1.47) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.33) | 0.93 (0.61, 1.43) | 0.75 |
| Other/Multiracial | 0.82 (0.41, 1.64) | 0.80 (0.40, 1.59) | 0.75 (0.38, 1.50) | 0.41 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 1.29 (1.19, 1.40) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.28) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | 0.01 |
| Median rent ($) | ||||
| ≤ 735 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 736–959 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.10 |
| ≥ 960 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.68 |
| Median household income ($) | ||||
| < 38,629 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 38,630–52,301 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) | 0.11 |
| > 52,303 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.20) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 0.13 |
| % below poverty | ||||
| < 12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 12–21 | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 0.28 |
| ≥ 21 | 1.22 (1.13, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | 0.24 |
| % unemployed | ||||
| < 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5–7 | 1.08 (0.99 1.18) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.39 |
| > 7 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) | 0.21 |
| % with < high school education | ||||
| < 11.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 11.5–19.5 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.29 |
| ≥ 19.5 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.66 |
| Smoking (current) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | --- | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.81 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| 19- < 25 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 25–29 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.10) | --- | 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.78 |
| ≥ 30 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) | --- | 1.10 (1.01, 1.21) | 0.04 |
| Platelet count (×103/μL) | ||||
| ≤ 207 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 208–277 | 1.23 (1.13, 1.34) | --- | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 0.04 |
| ≥ 278 | 1.41 (1.30, 1.53) | --- | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | 0.003 |
| White blood cell count (1000 per μL) | ||||
| < 6.3 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 6.3–8.2 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | --- | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 0.02 |
| > 8.2 | 1.33 (1.22, 1.44) | --- | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | ||||
| < 200 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 200–399 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) | --- | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.67 |
| ≥ 400 | 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) | --- | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 201–239 | 1.42 (1.28, 1.59) | --- | 1.12 (0.97, 1.26) | 0.13 |
| ≥ 240 | 1.65 (1.44, 1.89) | --- | 1.12 (1.01, 1.29) | 0.04 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 40 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 40–59 | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | --- | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 60 | 0.70 (0.63, 0.77) | --- | 0.68 (0.60, 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 150 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 150–199 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.25) | --- | 1.14 (1.05, 1.25) | 0.004 |
| ≥ 200 | 1.51 (1.39, 1.63) | --- | 1.48 (1.35, 1.61) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| < 120 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 120–139 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | --- | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 0.81 |
| ≥ 140 | 1.33 (1.18, 1.48) | --- | 1.12 (1.01, 1.26) | 0.04 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 3.5 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 3.6–3.9 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) | --- | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.05 |
| ≥ 4.0 | 0.76 (0.69, 0.83) | --- | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Normalized protein catabolic rate (g/kg/d) | ||||
| < 0.8 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 0.8–1.00 | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | --- | 0.82 (0.76, 0.90) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 1.01 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | --- | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| eGFR f (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| < 7 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 7–10 | 1.25 (1.13, 1.38) | --- | 1.16 (1.04, 1.29) | 0.009 |
| ≥ 10 | 1.10 (0.98, 1.22) | --- | 1.38 (1.25, 1.53) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | ||||
| < 10 | 1 | --- | 1 | |
| 10–11 | 1.17 (0.98, 1.38) | --- | 1.17 (0.99, 1.39) | 0.18 |
| ≥ 11 | 1.40 (1.21, 1.61) | --- | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 0.09 |
aIn 16,297 US adult patients with diabetes mellitus initiating maintenance hemodialysis at a DaVita outpatient facility
bModel 1 included demographic and area-level socioeconomic variables
cModel 2 was a multivariable model that included all demographic, area-level socioeconomic, and clinical and biometric variables
d P values correspond to significance values for Model 2
eCompared with white race as the reference category
feGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate