Table 3.
Prevalence ratios of poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7 % vs. ≤7 %) by diabetes type
| Determinants | Type 1a | P-value | Type 2b | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)c | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Tertile 2 | 1.31 (0.95, 1.80) | 0.10 | 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Tertile 3 | 1.04 (0.76, 1.70) | 0.81 | 0.57 (0.52, 0.62) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) | 0.67 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 0.05 |
| Race/ethnicityd | ||||
| Native American | 1.03 (0.52, 2.05) | 0.93 | 1.47 (1.20, 1.79) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 0.48 (0.11, 2.05) | 0.32 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 0.99 |
| Black | 0.82 (0.58, 1.16) | 0.27 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 0.44 |
| Pacific Islander | 0.78 (0.18, 3.42) | 0.75 | 0.95 (0.61, 1.48) | 0.82 |
| Other/Multiracial | 0.41 (0.05, 3.07) | 0.38 | 0.79 (0.38, 1.67) | 0.53 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) | 0.15 | 1.18 (1.06, 1.31) | 0.002 |
| Median rent ($) | ||||
| ≤ 735 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 736–959 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.08) | 0.14 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.18 |
| ≥ 960 | 0.81 (0.53, 1.23) | 0.33 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.87 |
| Median household income ($) | ||||
| < 38,629 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 38,630–52,301 | 1.17 (0.79, 1.75) | 0.43 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | 0.19 |
| > 52,303 | 1.02 (0.60, 1.81) | 0.94 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 0.14 |
| % below poverty | ||||
| < 12 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 12–21 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.49 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.22 |
| ≥ 21 | 0.86 (0.49, 1.53) | 0.61 | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 0.22 |
| % unemployed | ||||
| < 5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 5–7 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 0.86 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.42 |
| > 7 | 1.16 (0.79, 1.69) | 0.45 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.30 |
| % with < high school education | ||||
| < 11.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 11.5–19.5 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.21) | 0.33 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.45 |
| ≥ 19.5 | 0.94 (0.67, 1.46) | 0.80 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.80 |
| Smoking (current) | 1.06 (0.69, 1.61) | 0.80 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.67 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| 19- < 25 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–29 | 1.23 (0.88, 1.72) | 0.28 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.60 |
| ≥ 30 | 0.86 (0.62, 1.21) | 0.39 | 1.14 (1.04, 1.26) | 0.008 |
| Platelet count (×103/μL) | ||||
| ≤ 207 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 208–277 | 1.68 (1.03. 2.74) | 0.04 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 0.08 |
| ≥ 278 | 2.28 (1.42, 3.63) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.21) | 0.04 |
| White blood cell count (1000 per μL) | ||||
| < 6.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 6.3–8.2 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.45) | 0.94 | 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) | 0.02 |
| > 8.2 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.38) | 0.86 | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | ||||
| < 200 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 200–399 | 0.90 (0.62, 1.31) | 0.59 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.77 |
| ≥ 400 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.55) | 0.53 | 1.15 (1.06, 1.26) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 201–239 | 1.07 (0.74, 1.54) | 0.73 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.06 |
| ≥ 240 | 1.12 (1.09, 1.61) | 0.02 | 1.17 (1.03, 1.34) | 0.01 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 40 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 40–59 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.34) | 0.70 | 0.82 (0.72, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 60 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.11) | 0.14 | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 150 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 150–199 | 1.23 (0.87, 1.75) | 0.25 | 1.14 (1.04, 1.25) | 0.007 |
| ≥ 200 | 1.45 (1.03, 2.05) | 0.03 | 1.48 (1.35, 1.62) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| < 120 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 120–139 | 1.34 (0.74, 2.42) | 0.33 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.97 |
| ≥ 140 | 1.21 (0.72, 2.05) | 0.47 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.07 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | ||||
| ≤ 3.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3.6–3.9 | 0.76 (0.58, 1.03) | 0.08 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.15 |
| ≥ 4.0 | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 0.30 | 0.76 (0.69, 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Normalized protein catabolic rate (g/kg/d) | ||||
| < 0.8 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 0.8–1.00 | 1.18 (0.84, 1.65) | 0.33 | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 1.01 | 1.09 (0.81, 1.49) | 0.57 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.90) | <0.001 |
| eGFR e (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| < 7 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7–10 | 1.59 (1.04, 2.43) | 0.03 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.27) | 0.03 |
| ≥ 10 | 1.66 (1.13, 2.43) | 0.009 | 1.36 (1.23, 1.51) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | ||||
| < 10 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 10–11 | 0.95 (0.57, 1.61) | 0.86 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.45) | 0.07 |
| ≥ 11 | 1.03 (0.68, 1.57) | 0.90 | 1.45 (1.00, 1.70) | 0.05 |
aIn 627 US adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus initiating maintenance hemodialysis at a DaVita outpatient facility. Multivariable model included all demographic, area-level socioeconomic, and clinical and biometric variables
bIn 15,670 US adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating maintenance hemodialysis at a DaVita outpatient facility. Multivariable model included all demographic, area-level socioeconomic, and clinical and biometric variables
cAge breakdown in tertiles was as follows: 18–31 (tertile 1), 32–36 (tertile 2), 37–39 (tertile 3) for patients with type 1 diabetes, and 40–61 (tertile 1), 62–71 (tertile 2), and >71 (tertile 3) for patients with type 2 diabetes
dCompared with white race as the reference category
eeGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate