Table 2.

Seasonal changes in serum enzymes for subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) presented as 95 % confidence interval

Variablea	Unit	λb	2.5 - 97.5 intervalc	Sexd	Seasone	n	Range	p-valuef
AST	U/L	−1.2	43–317	F + M	W	15	38–95	<0.0001
					Sp	27	46–114
					Su	18	46–437g
ALT	U/L	−1	11–63	F + M	W	15	10–20	<0.0001
					Sp	27	12–33
					Su	18	11–76g
AP	U/L	−0.4	13–214	F + M	W	15	12–35	<0.0001
					Sp	27	33–111
					Su	18	27–221g
GGT	U/L	−0.4	4–98	F + M	W	15	4–16	<0.0001
					Sp + Su	45	6–61
GD	U/L	−0.2	2–24	F + M	W + Sp	42	2–7	0.009
					Su	18	1–33
CK	U/L	−0.6	56–843	F + M	W + Sp + Su	60	61–522
Amylase	U/L	−0.4	26–207	F + M	W	15	23–86	<0.0001
					Sp + Su	45	36–168
Lipase	U/L	−1.2	12–150	F	W + Sp + Su	33	15–197g	0.0018S
				M	W + Sp + Su	27	11–43
LD	U/L	0.6	379–1021	F + M	W	15	363–753	<0.0001
					Sp	27	465–928
					Su	18	565–1054

^aAST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine transaminase; AP = alkaline phosphatase; GGT = γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; GD = glutamate dehydrogenase; CK = creatinine kinase; LD = lactate dehydrogenase

^bλ = the transformation value from the Box-Cox transformation

^c2.5 and 97.5 percentiles on untransformed data

^dF = female; M = male

^eW = winter (February-March); Sp = spring (April-May); Su = summer (June)

^f p-values are given for significantly different seasons groups: S = p-value for sex

^gNon-estimable 95 % confidence interval, the range is given as lowest-highest measured value