Table 4.

Seasonal changes in serum metabolites for subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) presented as 95 % confidence interval

Variablea	Unit	λb	2.5 - 97.5 intervalc	Sex d	Seasone	n	Range	p-valuef
β-HBA	mmol/L	0.2	0.0–1.2	F + M	W	15	0.5–1.4	<0.0001
					Sp	27	0.0–0.8
					Su	18	0.0–0.2
Bile acids	μmol/L	−1	4–52	F + M	W	15	4–9	<0.0001
					Sp + Su	45	6–36
Bilirubin (total)	μmol/L	0.2	0–4	F + M	W + Sp	42	0–4	0.0131
					Su	18	0–2
Cholesterol	mmol/L	1	4.3–12.6	F + M	W	15	8.7–12.8	<0.0001
					Sp + Su	45	4.0–11.4
Creatinine	μmol/L	0.2	72–303	F + M	W	15	166–322	<0.0001
					Sp	27	105–196
					Su	18	52–152
FFA	mmol/L	0.4	0.1–1.1	F + M	W + Sp	42	0.2–1.2	<0.0001
					Su	18	0.1–0.8
Glucose	mmol/L	0.8	2.6–10.6	F + M	W + Sp	42	4.0–10.2	0.0003
					Su	18	1.9–9.2
Triglycerides	mmol/L	0.4	1.8–7.2	F + M	W	15	3.4–7.8	<0.0001
					Sp	27	2.1–5.3
					Su	18	1.7–4.1
Urea	mmol/L	0	0.5–26.3	F + M	W	15	1.0–12.1	<0.0001
					Sp	27	0.3–9.5
					Su	18	0.6–32.4g
Uric acid	μmol/L	−0.6	48–270	F + M	W	15	42–146	<0.0001
					Sp + Su	45	68–215

^aβ-HBA = β-hydroxybutyrate; FFA = free fatty acids

^bλ = the transformation value from the Box-Cox transformation

^c2.5 and 97.5 percentiles on untransformed data

^dF = female; M = male

^eW = winter (February-March); Sp = spring (April-May); Su = summer (June)

^f p-values are given for significantly different seasons groups

^gNon-estimable 95 % confidence interval, the range is given as lowest-highest measured value