. 2015 Dec 8;11:301. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0615-2

Table 5.

Seasonal changes in serum minerals and cortisol for subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) presented as 95 % confidence interval

Variable	Unit	λ^a	2.5 - 97.5 interval^b	Sex^c	Season^d	n	Range	p-value^e
Calcium	mmol/L	2	1.9–2.6	F + M	W + Sp + Su	60	1.9–2.6
Chloride	mmol/L	2	92–103	F + M	W + Sp	42	92–102	0.0006
Chloride	mmol/L	2	92–103	F + M	Su	18	95–105	0.0006
Iron	μmol/L	0.2	12–48	F + M	W	15	12–26	<0.0001
Iron	μmol/L	0.2	12–48	F + M	Sp + Su	45	16–51	<0.0001
Magnesium	mmol/L	1.6	0.71–1.25	F + M	W	15	0.98–1.30	<0.0001
Magnesium	mmol/L	1.6	0.71–1.25	F + M	Sp + Su	45	0.67–1.08	<0.0001
Phosphorous (inorganic)	mmol/L	1.2	0.8–2.4	F + M	W + Sp	42	0.8–2.3	<0.0001
Phosphorous (inorganic)	mmol/L	1.2	0.8–2.4	F + M	Su	18	1.2–2.8	<0.0001
Potassium	mmol/L	−1.8	3.4–5.6	F + M	W + Sp + Su	60	3.5–5.5
Sodium	mmol/L	2	130–143	F + M	W + Su	33	133–142	0.0003
Sodium	mmol/L	2	130–143	F + M	Sp	27	129–141	0.0003
Cortisol	nmol/L	0.6	29–734	F + M	W + Sp + Su	57	25–668

^a: λ = the transformation value from the Box-Cox transformation

^b :2.5 and 97.5 percentiles on untransformed data

^c:F = female; M = male

^d:W = winter (February-March); Sp = spring (April-May); Su = summer (June)

^e : p-values are given for significantly different seasons groups