Table 3.
RCTs on focused ESWT listed in the PEDro database included in the present systematic review
| Ps | Indication | Study | O | Device | T | EFD | S | I | Impulses | PEDro assessment criteria |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||||||||||
| 9 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Gerdesmeyer et al.46 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.08–0.32 (?) | 2 | 14 | 1500 or 6000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + |
| Lateral epicondylitis | Rompe et al.47 | + | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.09 (EFDtotal) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Pettrone and McCall48 | + | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.06 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Patellar tendinopathy | Zwerver et al.49 | − | Piezowave (Wolf) | PE | 0.068–0.40 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Achilles tendinopathy | Rasmussen et al.50 | + | Piezoson 100 (Wolf) | PE | 0.12–0.51 (?) | 3 | 7–14 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Plantar fasciopathy | Buchbinder et al.51 | − | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.02–0.33 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 or 2500 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Kudo et al.52 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.36 (EFD+) | 1 | 3500 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| Gollwitzer et al.53 | + | Duolith SD 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.25 (EFDtotal) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| 8 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Schmitt et al.54 | − | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.11 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + |
| Haake et al.55 | + | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.78 (EFDtotal) | 2 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Ioppolo et al.56 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.10 and 0.20 (?) | 4 | 7 | 2400 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Albert et al.57 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.45 (?) | 2 | 14 | 2500 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Lateral epicondylitis | Speed et al.58 | − | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.18 (?) | 3 | 28 | 1500 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Staples et al.59 | − | MedTech Epos (Dornier) | EM | Maximum tolerable | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Haake et al.60 | − | Various devices | EM/PE | 0.04–0.22 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Chung and Wiley61 | − | Sonocur Basic (Siemens) | EM | 0.03–0.17 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Plantar fasciopathy | Buch et al.62 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.03–0.36 (?) | 1 | 3800 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Haake et al.63 | − | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.08 (EFD+) | 3 | 14 | 4000 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Speed et al.64 | − | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.12 (?) | 3 | 28 | 1500 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Lohrer et al.12 | + | Duolith SD 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.20 (EFDtotal) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| 7 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Peters et al.65 | + | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.15 and 0.44 (?) | 5 | 42 | 1500 | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | + | + |
| Hearnden et al.66 | + | Not specified | 0.28 (?) | 1 | 2000 | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||||
| Pleiner et al.67 | + | Orthospec (Medispec) | EH | 0.28 (?) | 2 | 14 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Tornese et al.68 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.22 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1800 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| Sabeti-Aschraf et al.69 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | |||
| 0.20 (?) | 2 | 7 | 2000 | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-calcific supraspinatus | Haake et al.70 | + | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.33 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| tendinopathy | Groß et al.71 | − | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.33 and 0.44 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Galasso et al.72 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.068 (?) | 2 | 7 | 3000 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Plantar fasciopathy | Rompe et al.73 | + | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.16 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2100 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | |
| Ogden et al.74 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.22 (?) | 1 | 1500 | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | |||
| Theodore et al.75 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.36 (?) | 1 | 3800 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | |||
| Porter and Shadbolt (2005)76 | − | Not specified | EH | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Liang et al.77 | + | Piezoson 100 (Wolf) | PE | 0.12 and 0.56 (EFDtotal) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Malay et al.78 | + | Orthospec (Medispec) | EH | Not specified | 1 | 3800 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | |||
| Vahdatpour et al.79 | + | Duolith SD 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.20 (?) | 3 | 7 | 4000 | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | ||
| Radwan et al.80 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.22 (?) | 1 | 1500 | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | |||
| Knee osteoarthritis | Chen et al.81 | + | Piezowave (Wolf) | PE | 0.275 (EFD+) | 6 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | |
| 6 | Myogelosis of the masseter muscle | Kraus et al.82 | + | Sonocur Plus (Siemens) | EM | 0.04 (?) | 1 | 250 | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | |
| Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Pan et al.83 | + | Orthospec (Medispec) | EH | 0.26–0.32 (?) | 2 | 14 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | |
| Perlick et al.84 | + | Lithostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.33, 0.42, 0.54 (?) | 2 | 21 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | ||
| Sabeti-Aschraf et al.85 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Lateral epicondylitis | Rompe et al.86 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | |
| Haake et al.87 | Various devices | EM/PE | 0.04–0.22 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | |||
| Melikyan et al.88 | − | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 333 (total EFD delivered) (?) | 3 | ? | ? | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | ||
| Melegati et al.89 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.16 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1800 | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | ||
| Long bone fracture | Wang et al.90 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.62 (?) | 1 | 6000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Achilles tendinopathy | Costa et al.91 | − | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.20 (?) | 3 | 28 | 1500 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | |
| Plantar fasciopathy | Ogden et al.92 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.22 (?) | 1 | 1500 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | ||
| Rompe et al.93 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | ||
| Chew et al.94 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.42 (?) | 2 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | ||
| Tornese et al.95 | + | Epos Ultra (Dornier) | EM | 0.22 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1800 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Saxena et al.96 | + | Duolith SD 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.24 (EFDtotal) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | ||
| Spasticity | El-Shamy et al.97 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.03 (?) | 12 | 7 | 1500 | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | |
| 5 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Cosentino et al.98 | + | Orthima (Direx Medical) EH | EH | 0.28 (?) | 4 | 5.5 | 1200 | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Hsu et al.99 | + | OrthoWave (MTS) | EH | 0.55 (?) | 2 | 14 | 1000 | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | ||
| Farr et al.100 | + | Modulith SLK (Storz) | EM | 0.30 (?) | 1 | 3200 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | |||
| 0.20 (?) | 2 | 7 | 1600 | ||||||||||||||||
| Tenonitis of the rotator cuff | Speed et al.101 | − | Sonocur (Siemens) | EM | 0.12 (?) | 3 | 28 | 1500 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | |
| Lateral epicondylitis | Rompe et al.102 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | |
| Rompe et al.103 | + | Sonocur (Siemens) | EM | 0.16 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Chung et al.104 | − | Sonocur Basic (Siemens) | EM | 0.03–0.17 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | ||
| Lateral epicondylitis | Ozturan et al.105 | + | Stonelith V5 (PCK) | EH | 0.17 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |
| Patellar tendinopathy | Wang et al.106 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.18 (?) | 1 | 1500 | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | ||
| Plantar fasciopathy | Rompe et al.107 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | |
| Plantar fasciopathy | Krischek et al.108 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 500 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |
| Plantar fasciopathy | Cosentino et al.109 | + | Orthima (Direx Medical) | EH | Between 0.03 and 0.4 (?) | 6 | 8.5 | 1200 | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | + | − | |
| Plantar fasciopathy | Hammer et al.110 | + | Piezoson 300 (Wolf) | PE | 0.20 (?) | 3 | 7 | 3000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |
| 4 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Seil et al.111 | + | Piezolith 2501 (Wolf) | PE | 0.10 and 0.30 (?) | 3 | 7 | 5000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | − |
| 1 | 5000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loew et al.112 | + | MFL 5000 (Philips) and Compact (Dornier) | EH | 0.10 | 1 | 2000 | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |||
| + | MFL 5000 (Philips) and Compact (Dornier) | EM | 0.3 | 1 | 2000 | ||||||||||||||
| + | MFL 5000 (Philips) and Compact (Dornier) | EM | 0.3 | 2 | 7 | 2000 | |||||||||||||
| Supraspinatus tendon syndrome | Schmitt et al.113 | − | Minilith SL1 (Storz) | EM | 0.33 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |
| Lateral epicondylitis | Haake et al.114 | − | Minilith SL 1 (Storz) | EM | 0.22 (EFD+) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | |
| Osteonecrosis of the femoral head | Wang et al.115 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.62 (?) | 1 | 6000 | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | ||
| Plantar fasciopathy | Rompe et al.116 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.06 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | |
| Wang et al.117 | + | Ossatron (HMT) | EH | 0.32 (?) | 1 | 1500 | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | |||
| Yucel et al.118 | + | Stonelith V5 (PCK) | EH | Not specified | 1 | 3000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | |||
| Hammer et al.119 | + | Piezoson 300 (Richard Wolf) | PE | 0.20 (?) | 3 | 7 | 3000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | ||
| Achilles tendinopathy | Notarnicola et al.120 | − | Minilith SL1 (Storz) | EM | 0.06 (?) | 3 | 3.5 | 1600 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | |
| 3 | Calcifying tendonitis of the shoulder | Rompe et al.121 | + | Not specified (Siemens) | EM | 0.06 and 0.28 (?) | 1 | 1500 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | |
| Lateral epicondylitis | Crowther et al.122 | + | Minilith SL1 (Storz) | EM | 0.10 (?) | 3 | 7 | 2000 | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
| Lateral epicondylitis | Rompe et al.123 | + | Osteostar (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | |
| Lateral epicondylitis/tendinosis calcarea of the shoulder | Rompe et al.124 | + | Not specified (Siemens) | EM | 0.08 (?) | 3 | 7 | 1000 | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | |
| 1 | Rotator cuff lesions | Saggini et al.125 | + | Evotron (HMT) | EH | 0.132 (?) | 3 | 7 | 600 | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Ps, PEDro score; O, outcome; +, fESWT significantly better statistically than either placebo or alternative treatment modalities; −, fESWT not significantly better statistically than either placebo or alternative treatment modalities; T, shock wave technology; EH, electrohydraulic; EM, electromagnetic; PE, piezoelectric; EFD, energy flux density; EFD+, positive EFD; EFDtotal, total EFD; (?), not specified whether EFD+ or EFDtotal; S, number of treatment sessions; I, interval between treatment sessions [days]. The PEDro assessment criteria 2–11 are outlined in detail in Table 1. Note that the first PEDro assessment criterion (Eligibility criteria were specified) is not used to calculate the PEDro score.