Figure 3.

Temporal changes of hindpaw licking behavior following intraplantar formalin injection and either LVVA-SM (formalin + LVVA-SM, n = 12) or no LVVA-SM (formalin + no LVVA-SM, n = 12). Data are presented as means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the linear mixed model. The mean time spent licking the injected hindpaw during the first 20 minutes (min) of 5–65 min post-LVVA-SM by the formalin + LVVA-SM group was less than that of the formalin + no LVVA-SM group (∗∗ P < 0.001 at 25 min post-LVVA-SM). @@ P < 0.001, # P = 0.03, and ## P < 0.001.