a The percentage of cell viability among HaCaT cells and HGFs in the presence of α-mangostin at 0–1 μg/ml for 24 h and the percentage of cell viability among HaCaT cells and HGFs following (b and c) acute or (d and e) long-term exposure to the mucoadhesive nanofiber mats containing different amounts of α-mangostin, serving as an indicator of cytotoxicity: incubation for 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 min, 24, 48, and 72 h. *p <0.05