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. 2015 Dec 10;5:18085. doi: 10.1038/srep18085

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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(a) BH (highlighted by dotted black circle) starts out pre-attached to a MT and resting on the surface with second stand-alone BH close-by (red bulls-eye indicates it is being held in a HOT). (b) Trapped BH is maneuvered into close proximity to the “free” end of the MT. (c) MT attaches to trapped BH, and whole dumbbell assembly is moved by repositioning the HOT. Dotted black circle highlights original bead position. (d) A dumbbell is held taut by 2 HOTs, with a trapped MC nearby. (e) The MC is positioned to interact with the MT and is released upon binding. (e–g) The MC’s displacement indicates the MT’s polarity (here: plus end on the left). Movie frames corresponding to MC motion are averaged together to highlight that MC displacement is steady and continuous, rather than a result of detachment and reattachment.