Table 3.

Key performance characteristics of planar and bioreactor-based differentiation protocols

Derived cell-type	Method	Time (days)	Number of target cells per input hPSC (ratio)	Reported efficiency (%)	Max. cell concentration (cells/mL)a)	Refs.
Cardiomyocyte	2D monolayer	9	ND	64.8 ± 3.3	2.5–5 × 104	[87]
Cardiomyocyte	2D EB formation	60	0.81	10 ± 2 – 22 ± 4	ND	[80]
Hepatocytes	2D EB formation	ND	ND	50 ± 2	1–5 × 104	[81]
Hepatocytes	2D monolayer	14	ND	73 ± 18	ND	[82]
Motor neurons	2D monolayer	14	ND	33.6 ± 12	ND	[79]
Neural nociceptors	2D monolayer	15	ND	61 ± 2	1 × 104	[88]
Neurons	2D monolayer	∼7	ND	ND	4.5 × 104	[84]
Dopaminergic neurons	2D monolayer	∼28	ND	30 ± 2	ND	[89]
Neural progenitor cells	2D monolayer	6	ND	90 ± 1	5 × 104	[91]
Endoderm progenitors	2D monolayer	4	ND	73.2 ± 1.6	1.3 × 105	[90]
Cardiomyocytes	2D EB formation	16–18	70	87 ± 3.4	4.5 -6 × 104	[97]
Cardiomyocytes	SUB microcarriers	16	0.33	15.7 ± 3.3	1.36 × 106	[93]
Haematopoietic cells	SUB microcarriers	7	4.41	ND	ND	[92]
Cardiomyocytes	SUB cell aggregates	18	23	100% beating aggregates	4.3 × 105–5.2 × 105	[96]
Hepatocyte-like cells	SUB cell aggregates	21	ND	18 ± 7	3–5 × 105	[94](HLCs)

ND, no data.

^a)In planar studies cell concentrations per mL have been estimated based on cell densities and recommended working volume for vessels used in these studies as no cell concentrations are provided in studies of this type.