Table 2.

Unadjusted ORs and 95% CIs for risk of PDO death by ED utilization and demographic and clinical characteristics from nested case-control analysis, SPARCS ED data, New York State, 2006–2010

Characteristics	OR (95% CI)
ED visits in the past year
≤1
2	3.2 (2.7–3.7)
3	5.7 (4.4–7.4)
≥4	10.6 (8.4–13.2)
Demographics
Age (y)
18–24	0.63 (0.60–0.67)
25–34	1.00
35–44	2.26 (2.15–2.37)
45–54	1.74 (1.65–1.83)
55–64	0.69 (0.65–0.74)
Sex
Female	1.00
Male	2.01 (1.94–2.08)
Race
White	1.00
Black or African American	0.29 (0.27–0.30)
Native American/Asian/Pacific Islander	0.27 (0.23–0.31)
Other or unknown	0.47 (0.45–0.50)
Clinical characteristics
Discharged AMA	2.89 (2.74–3.04)
Psychiatric diagnoses
Anxiety disorder	4.16 (3.72–4.64)
Depression	2.82 (2.54–3.14)
Episodic mood disorder	4.27 (3.70–4.91)
Major depressive disorder	1.60 (1.26–2.04)
Personality disorder	4.76 (2.8–8.04)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	2.91 (1.81–4.67)
Psychosis or agitation	7.25 (5.99–8.78)
Schizophrenia	5.18 (4.07–6.59)
Substance use diagnoses
Alcohol abuse	3.23 (2.96–3.51)
Alcohol drug seeking	5.03 (4.68–5.39)
Drug dependence	8.63 (7.16–10.41)
Opioid abuse	13.71 (10.13–18.55)
Other drug abuse	6.81 (5.86–7.93)
Prior nonfatal opioid overdose	13.40 (7.93–22.64)
Sedative anxiolytic abuse	8.57 (5.02–14.61)
Tobacco use disorder	1.46 (1.33–1.61)
Pain-related diagnoses
Arthritis	1.02 (0.94–1.12)
Back pain	2.20 (2.06–2.35)
Fibromyalgia	1.34 (1.10–1.62)
Headaches	0.98 (0.89–1.07)
Joint disorder	1.09 (0.99–1.22)
Musculoskeletal pain	1.15 (1.09–1.21)
Neuropathy	0.64 (0.48–0.86)
Visceral pain	0.39 (0.33–0.45)
Other conditions
Abdominal symptoms	0.89 (0.83–0.95)
Central sleep apnea	0.18 (0.05–0.60)
General symptoms	1.09 (1.02–1.17)
Nontraumatic dental	1.13 (1.02–1.26)
Respiratory symptoms	0.72 (0.67–0.77)
Soft tissue disorder	1.38 (1.25–1.51)
Vertebrae disorders	2.22 (1.78–2.78)