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Left: the effective drift F(ϕ). Right: The effective diffusion D(ϕ). Top: for Czirók model. Middle: Buhl model. Bottom: Pause-and-go model. In both the Czirók and Buhl models, depending on concentration, either ϕ = 0 or ϕ = ~±1 are stable, but not both. However, in the pause-and-go model, all three states are stable at sufficiently high concentrations.
