Table 1.
Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infections across general characteristics and predictors of factors associated with schistosomiasis amongst children in Bunuso, Ghana
| Variables (number examined) | Number infected (%) | Intensity of infection (%) | Geometric mean egg count | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light | Heavy | Per 10 ml ± SEM | P value (Post Hoc) | ||
| Gender | =0.279 | ||||
| Female (32) | 30 (93.8) | 9 | 21 | 55 ± 3.11 | |
| Male (68) | 65 (95.5) | 21 | 44 | 61 ± 3.05 | |
| Age group (years) | =0.001 | ||||
| <8 (27) | 26 (96.3) | 6 | 20 | 40 ± 2.61 | (P > 0.05 for <8 vs 15–17; 9–11 vs 12–14) |
| 9–11 (34) | 33 (97.0) | 9 | 24 | 51 ± 1.56 | |
| 12–14 (21) | 20 (95.2) | 9 | 11 | 57 ± 1.38 | |
| 15–17 (18) | 15 (83.3) | 6 | 9 | 39 ± 1.68 | |
| Educational level | =0.299 | ||||
| None (68) | 67 (98.5) | 15 | 52 | 54 ± 3.13 | (P < 0.05 for none vs JSS) |
| Primary (22) | 21 (95.5) | 10 | 11 | 50 ± 4.54 | |
| JSS (8) | 6 (75.0) | 4 | 2 | 47 ± 3.21 | |
| SSS (2) | 1 (50.0) | 1 | 0 | 37 | |
| Sources of water | =0.019 | ||||
| Borehole (9) | 6 (66.7) | 6 | 0 | 14 ± 2.35 | (P < 0.05 for Borehole vs Nanakwaw) |
| River Nanakwaw (77) | 76 (98.7) | 17 | 59 | 61 ± 1.65 | |
| Bunuso/Borehole (14) | 13 (92.8) | 7 | 6 | 46 ± 3.82 | |
| Activities in River Nanakwaw | =0.001 | ||||
| No (8) | 6 (75.0) | 6 | 0 | 14 ± 1.45 | |
| Yes (92) | 89 (96.7) | 24 | 65 | 57 ± 3.24 | |
| Type of activity in River Nanakwawa | =0.092 | ||||
| No activity (8) | 6 | 6 | 0 | 14.1 ± 1.45 | |
| Work (52) | 48 | 20 | 28 | 51.2 ± 2.13 | |
| Bathe/swim (71) | 67 | 25 | 38 | 58.1 ± 1.78 | |
| Fetch water (81) | 78 | 30 | 48 | 50.1 ± 3.3 | |
| Wash (83) | 80 | 29 | 51 | 57.12 ± 2.1 | |
| Contact frequency with River Nanakwaw/week | =0.066 | ||||
| None (8) | 7 (87.5) | 5 | 2 | 45 ± 2.91 | |
| Once (12) | 11 (91.6) | 6 | 5 | 46 ± 2.23 | |
| 2–4 days (12) | 11 (91.6) | 3 | 8 | 50 ± 1.45 | |
| 5–7 days (68) | 66 (97.1) | 16 | 50 | 52 ± 1.61 | |
| Distance of home to River Nanakwaw | =0.056 | ||||
| <100 m (15) | 14 (93.3) | 3 | 11 | 46.8 ± 2.3 | |
| 100–300 m (31) | 30 (96.7) | 9 | 21 | 47.6 ± 1.1 | |
| 300–500 m (52) | 50 (96.2) | 10 | 40 | 46.7 ± 1.2 | |
| 500–700 m (12) | 11 (91.6) | 8 | 5 | 53.1 ± 1.9 | |
| Haematuria | =0.007 | ||||
| No (19) | 16 (84.2) | 5 | 11 | 39 ± 1.50 | |
| Yes (81) | 79 (97.5) | 25 | 54 | 63 ± 3.50 | |
| Knowledge of River Bunuso as source of bloody urine | =0.173 | ||||
| No (92) | 91 (98.9) | 28 | 63 | 57 + 3.11 | |
| Yes (8) | 4 (50 %) | 2 | 2 | 49 ± 4.45 | |
| Parents knowledge of Schistosomiasis as disease | =0.381 | ||||
| No (79) | 77 (97.5) | 20 | 57 | 49 ± 3.89 | |
| Yes (21) | 18 (85.7) | 10 | 8 | 55 ± 4.11 | |
SEM Standard error of mean
aNumber of children engaging each activity overlap due to multiple responses