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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 3.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Stem Cell. 2015 Oct 17;17(6):735–747. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.012

Figure 3. Characterization of the human astrocyte-converted neurons induced by small molecules.

Figure 3

(A-C) Immunostaining with anterior-posterior neuronal markers revealed that the small molecule-converted human neurons were positive for forebrain marker FoxG1 (A), but negative for hindbrain and spinal cord marker HOX B4 (B) and HOX C9 (C).

(D-F) Immunostaining with cortical neuron markers revealed that small molecule-induced human neurons were negative for superficial layer marker Cux1 (D), but positive for deep layer marker Ctip2 (E) and Otx1 (F).

(G-H) The small molecule-converted human neurons were also immunopositive for general cortical neuron marker Tbr1 (G) and hippocampal neuron marker Prox1 (H).

(I) Quantitative analyses of small molecule-induced human neurons (FoxG1, 97.1 ± 1.1%, n = 3 batches; Cux1, 3.1 ± 1.9%, n = 4 batches; Ctip2, 71.4 ± 3%, n = 4 batches; Otx1, 87.4 ± 3.2%, n = 3 batches; Tbr1, 86.4 ± 3.4%, n = 3 batches; Prox1, 73.4 ± 4.4%, n = 4 batches). Scale bars: 20 μm.

(J) MCM-converted human neurons were immunopositive for VGluT1.

(K) A small portion of MCM-converted human neurons were GAD67-positive.

(L-N) MCM-converted neurons were immunonegative for cholinergic neuronal marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) (L), dopaminergic neuronal marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (M), or spinal motor neuron marker Isl1 (N).

(O) Quantitative analyses of small molecule converted human neurons (VGluT1, 88.3 ± 4%, n = 4 batches; GAD67, 8.2 ± 1.5%, n = 4 batches). Scale bars: 20 μm.

Data are represented as mean ± SEM.