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. 2015 Dec 11;5:17491. doi: 10.1038/srep17491

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Trends are calculated for the time period 1979–2014 in summer (a), winter (b), and annually (c). Grey contour lines denote EKE climatology in the corresponding season and land regions higher than 1 km have been masked. All maps are created using the open source software R.