Fig. 5.

Module scores (a) and decomposed Z-scores (b) for single-cell gene set enrichment analysis for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated myeloid dendritic cells (mDC data set), using the mouse gene ontology (GO) biological process database. The change in single-cell module scores over time for the nine most significantly enriched modules in response to LPS stimulation are shown in (a). The “core antiviral”, “peaked inflammatory,” and “sustained inflammatory” modules are among the top enriched modules, consistent with the original publication. Additionally, we identified the GO modules “cellular response to interferon-beta” and “response to virus,” which behave analogously to the core antiviral and sustained inflammatory modules. No GO analog for the “peaked inflammatory” module was detected. The majority of modules detected exhibited enrichment relative to the 1 h time point (thus increasing with time). The “early marcher” cells identified in the original publication are highlighted here with triangles. We show the top 50 most significant modules (b). The combined Z-score summarizes the changes in the discrete and continuous components of expression