Table II.
Associations between the PCL-C score and protective factors
| PCL-C score
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartiles of protective factors | N | Unadjusteda mean (SD) | Age and sex Adjustedb mean (SE) | Multivariable modelb,c mean (SE) |
| Resilience | ||||
| [14.0–26.0] | 27 | 35.0 (15.3) | 35.2 (2.3) | 31.6 (2.3) |
| [27.0–30.0] | 29 | 30.0 (14.2) | 29.9 (2.3) | 32.3 (2.3) |
| [31.0–34.0] | 29 | 25.3 (8.1) | 25.7 (2.4) | 26.4 (2.1) |
| [35.0–40.0] | 29 | 23.1 (9.0) | 22.0 (2.4) | 22.6 (2.2) |
| β (SE) | −0.84 (0.19) | −0.92 (0.19) | −0.65 (0.19) | |
| p-valued | <.001 | <.001 | .001* | |
| Satisfaction with life | ||||
| [5.0–17.0] | 25 | 34.0 (14.4) | 34.1 (2.5) | 33.8 (2.3) |
| [18.0–23.0] | 30 | 31.1 (15.7) | 31.0 (2.4) | 29.7 (2.2) |
| [24.0–29.0] | 30 | 25.9 (9.1) | 26.0 (2.4) | 26.9 (2.2) |
| [30.0–35.0] | 27 | 23.0 (7.6) | 23.0 (2.5) | 23.3 (2.4) |
| β (SE) | −0.62 (0.15) | −0.63 (0.16) | −0.55 (0.15) | |
| p-value | <.001 | <.001 | .001* | |
| Gratitude | ||||
| [6.0–32.0] | 31 | 32.5 (13.0) | 33.4 (2.3) | 33.3 (2.1) |
| [33.0–36.0] | 26 | 29.8 (13.4) | 29.6 (2.6) | 26.5 (2.4) |
| [37.0–39.0] | 27 | 26.7 (10.1) | 27.1 (2.5) | 27.8 (2.3) |
| [42.0–42.0] | 28 | 24.3 (13.1) | 23.1 (2.5) | 24.7 (2.3) |
| β (SE) | −0.60 (0.16) | −0.73 (0.16) | −0.67 (0.15) | |
| p-value | <.001 | <.001 | <.001* | |
| Post-traumatic growth | ||||
| [0.0–22.0] | 27 | 26.7 (14.5) | 27.9 (2.7) | 26.1 (2.5) |
| [23.0–41.0] | 28 | 25.1 (8.9) | 24.8 (2.6) | 24.6 (2.3) |
| [42.0–63.0] | 28 | 33.1 (13.9) | 33.1 (2.4) | 32.7 (2.2) |
| [65.0–105.0] | 27 | 28.8 (12.2) | 27.7 (2.5) | 29.8 (2.5) |
| β (SE) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) | |
| p-value | .176 | .138 | .055 | |
a
Unadjusted means ± SD were calculated using ANOVA.
b
Adjusted means ± SD were calculated using ANCOVA.
c
Multivariable adjusted models included age, sex, race, education, and alcohol use.
d
β (SE) and p-values were calculated using linear regression.
*
These p-values remain significant at a Bonferroni critical alpha level of .004 (.05/12).