Figure 4.

Effects of uncertainty about future environment (x-axis), of evolution, and of level of ecological organisation on forecast horizon (number of generations). Data come from a simulation study of a community of competitors. Error bars are 1 SD. There are no error bars when there is no uncertainty in environmental conditions as then the prediction model uses the same series of environmental conditions among replicate simulations (and these are exactly the same series as used to create the ‘true’ dynamics). Some of the error bars at high levels of uncertainty are too small to view.