Table 1.
Hemodynamic changes in pigs anesthetized with desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane while undergoing hemorrhage (mean ± standard deviation).
| Parameter | Groups | Time-points | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Withdrawal of 30% of the estimated blood volume | ||||||
| M1 (1.00 MAC) | M2 (1.25 MAC) | M3 (1.00 MAC) | M4 (1.00 MAC) | M5 (1.25 MAC) | ||
| HR (bpm) | DESF | 95±8 | 97±7 | 100±8 | 110±10 | 98±24 |
| SEVO | 96±18 | 97±18 | 98±19 | 109±29 | 125±41*†d | |
| ISO | 109±17 | 106±12 | 116±10 | 144±32*†s,d | 126±17d | |
| MAP (mmHg) | DESF | 62±6 | 50±8* | 65±6 | 51±9† | 38±11†‡ |
| SEVO | 68±13 | 61±7 | 69±10 | 52±5† | 57±12†d | |
| ISO | 65±9 | 60±7 | 73±7 | 57±11† | 50±10†d | |
| MPAP (mmHg) | DESF | 19±1 | 19±1 | 21±2* | 17±3† | 16±2† |
| SEVO | 19±2 | 19±2 | 22±4* | 16±2† | 17±3† | |
| ISO | 20±1 | 21±2 | 21±2* | 17±2† | 19±3† | |
| PAOP (mmHg) | DESF | 13±1 | 13±1 | 14±1 | 8±1† | 9±2†‡ |
| SEVO | 14±2 | 14±2 | 14±1 | 8±2† | 10±3†‡ | |
| ISO | 12±2 | 14±3 | 13±3 | 8±2† | 10±3†‡ | |
| CVP (mmHg) | DESF | 10±1 | 11±1* | 11±1 | 6±1† | 7±1†‡ |
| SEVO | 9±2 | 10±2* | 10±2 | 6±2† | 7±2†‡ | |
| ISO | 10±2 | 11±2* | 10±2 | 7±2† | 8±2†‡ | |
| CI (L.min−1.m−2) | DESF | 3.6±0.6 | 2.9±0.5* | 3.8±0.5 | 3.7±0.7 | 2.6±1.0†‡ |
| SEVO | 4.0±0.1 | 3.1±0.4* | 3.9±0.6 | 3.1±0.5 | 3.3±0.7†‡ | |
| ISO | 4.2±0.1 | 3.6±0.9* | 4.5±1.3 | 4.1±0.9 | 3.5±0.7†‡ | |
| SVRI (dynes.s.cm−5.m−2) | DESF | 1169±171 | 1064±143 | 1164±104 | 1017±236† | 1004±114† |
| SEVO | 1200±86 | 1331±155 | 1228±186 | 1214±218† | 1221±119† | |
| ISO | 1047±145 | 1096±187 | 1182±236 | 996±157† | 928±128† | |
| PVRI (dynes.s.cm−5.m−2) | DESF | 146±43 | 192±59*s | 156±33 | 197±65 | 226±112†‡ |
| SEVO | 118±33 | 136±25 | 138±19 | 201±36† | 186±33 | |
| ISO | 140±27 | 143±24 | 155±28 | 183±31 | 201±33 | |
| SVV | DESF | 9±3 | 12±5 | 10±4 | 14±8† | 14±4† |
| SEVO | 9±6 | 10±6 | 11±2 | 14±3† | 14±7† | |
| ISO | 6±1 | 10±5 | 9±6 | 12±2† | 13±4† | |
DESF: desflurane group; SEVO: sevoflurane group; ISO: isoflurane group; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAOP: pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; CVP: central venous pressure; CI: cardiac index; SVRI: systemic vascular resistance index; PVRI: pulmonary vascular resistance index; SVV: stroke volume variation. *: p<0.05 different from M1. †: p<0.05 different from M3; ‡: p<0.05 different from M4; d: p<0.05 different from DESF group; s: p<0.05 different from SEVO group.