Fig. 1.

Two-group structural equation path model showing the longitudinal relations between Time 1 (preschool) measures of language and speech, Time 2 preliteracy skills, Time 3 word-level literacy skills, and Time 5 reading comprehension for the at-risk and control samples. Ellipses indicate latent variables, and rectangles indicate observed variables. On each path, values for the at-risk group are outside parentheses, and values for the typically developing (control) group are inside parentheses. Values on single-headed arrows from the latent to the observed variables are standardized factor loadings (or standardized regression weights for reading comprehension), and values on single-headed arrows between the latent variables are standardized regression weights. Double-headed arrows indicate correlations (covariances). Solid lines indicate statistically significant relationships, and dashed lines indicate statistically nonsignificant relationships.