Fig 3. Selected QCM-D traces for bilayer formation, which were part of the optimization process.

A: frequency changes. B: dissipation changes. Several overtones are shown for each experiment; 5^th, 7^th, 9^th and 11^th. The 5^th overtone carries the marker. SUVs made from Avanti E. coli total lipid extract were added to clean silica under different experimental conditions: blue down-pointing triangle: 100 μg/ml lipid, 1 mM CaCl₂, orange square: 100 μg/ml lipid, 2 mM CaCl₂, purple circle: 50 μg/ml lipid, 2 mM CaCl₂, gray diamond: 250 μg/ml lipid, 2 mM CaCl₂, pink up-pointing triangle: 100 μg/ml lipid, 2 mM CaCl₂,–pump stopped after initial adsorption. The * indicates the point where trace number 4 was rinsed with buffer. The others were rinsed at the point marked with a #.