Figure 1.

Conceptual diagram of second-order parallel process latent growth curve model as estimated in this study. Ovals represent latent variables, numbers represent growth factor loadings, curved errors represent covariances among growth factors, straight arrows between latent factors represent regression paths controlling for initial values, bpd = borderline personality disorder symptoms; BPD = borderline personality disorder latent factor; func = functioning items; FUNC = functioning latent factors.