(a) Concentration mechanism and immunofluorescence detection of target bacteria in sputum samples using streaming flow, EHD flow, and dielectrophoresis. Reprinted with permission from Kim et al., Lab Chip 12(8), 1437–1440 (2012). Copyright 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) DEP microdevice for the manipulation and characterization of red blood cells under different ac field conditions. Reprinted with permission from Minerick et al., Electrophoresis 24(21), 3703–3717 (2003). Copyright 2003 Wiley-VCH. (c) DEP activated cell sorter. Cells entering in the sample stream are only deflected into the collection stream if they are labelled with a dielectrophoretically responsive label (i.e., beads). The DEP particles entering the collection channel after being focused into the center of the stream. The arrows indicate the direction of fluid flow. The electrode region of the microchannels comprise of sample and buffer inlets, as well as waste and collection outlets. Reprinted with permission from Hu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102(44), 15757–15761 (2005). Copyright 2005 National Academy of Sciences, USA.