Table 3.

Renal profile and liver function tests throughout the study in Probiotic and Placebo Groups

	Probiotic Group (n = 68)			Within group p value	Placebo Group (n = 68)			Within group p value	Interaction p value
	Mean ± SD				Mean ± SD
	Baseline	Week 6	Week 12		Baseline	Week 6	Week 12		ITT	PP
Renal profile
Sodium (mmol/L)†	138.5 ± 2.2	138.9 ± 2.7	138.1 ± 3.5	0.147	137.9 ± 2.5	138.8 ± 2.9	138.5 ± 3.1	0.167	0.235	0.280
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.42 ± 0.30	4.42 ± 0.31	4.35 ± 0.31	0.060	4.40 ± 0.40	4.34 ± 0.36	4.37 ± 0.43	0.360	0.164	0.351
Urea (mmol/L)	4.26 ± 1.29	4.03 ± 1.00	4.04 ± 1.04	0.086	4.03 ± 0.89	4.07 ± 1.10	4.24 ± 1.14	0.081	<0.05	0.181
Creatinine (μmol/L)	69.20 ± 17.36	70.87 ± 18.70	72.26 ± 19.73	<0.05	72.10 ± 18.84	71.95 ± 18.60	75.17 ± 18.93	<0.05	0.329	0.288
GFR (ml/min)	74.45 ± 18.5	74.14 ± 16.94	73.07 ± 17.13	0.710	73.66 ± 13.38	73.91 ± 13.58	68.89 ± 13.55	<0.05	0.147	0.197
Liver function tests
Albumin (g/L)	45.64 ± 3.22	45.38 ± 3.18	45.48 ± 2.97	0.551	45.51 ± 2.53	45.81 ± 2.05	45.94 ± 1.93	0.339	0.147	0.224
Total protein (g/L)	74.24 ± 4.93	73.32 ± 5.14	73.03 ± 5.98	0.190	73.87 ± 3.73	72.33 ± 4.89	71.59 ± 5.19	<0.05	0.695	0.534
Bilirubin (μmol/L)†	9.77 ± 3.50	10.03 ± 3.59	10.09 ± 3.70	0.739	10.38 ± 3.92	10.27 ± 3.20	10.28 ± 3.20	0.996	0.260	0.845
ALT (U/L)†	23.20 ± 9.65	22.38 ± 10.13	22.33 ± 10.02	0.199	32.53 ± 16.10	32.59 ± 16.78	33.27 ± 17.29	0.823	0.421	0.374
ALP (U/L)	68.49 ± 23.19	68.28 ± 21.82	67.00 ± 21.77	0.209	73.42 ± 18.11	71.97 ± 18.57	71.29 ± 20.72	0.134	0.481	0.485
AST (U/L)	26.84 ± 77.12	24.58 ± 6.64	25.71 ± 6.81	0.441	20.12 ± 4.68	20.26 ± 5.12	21.29 ± 6.30	0.275	0.490	0.495

† log transformed GLM ANOVA