Table 3.
Neonatal complications
| Complication | Non-diabetes | T1DM | T2DM | GDM | GDM (progressing) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n, % | n = 353 599 | n = 482 | n = 4166 | n = 31 700 | n = 935 |
| RR [95% CI] | |||||
| Infection | 7474 (2.1%) | 21 (4.4%) | 162 (3.9%) | 794 (2.5%) | 29 (3.1%) |
| 2.06 [1.36;3.13] | 1.84 [1.58;2.14] | 1.19 [1.10;1.27] | 1.47 [1.02;2.10] | ||
| Respiratory | 13 604 (3.8%) | 16 (3.3%) | 213 (5.1%) | 1239 (3.9%) | 52 (5.6%) |
| 0.86 [0.53;1.40] | 1.33 [1.16;1.52] | 1.02 [0.96;1.08] | 1.45 [1.11;1.88] | ||
| Macrosomia | 16 316 (4.6%) | 53 (11.0%) | 275 (6.6%) | 1490 (4.7%) | 38 (4.1%) |
| 2.38 [1.85;3.07] | 1.43 [1.27;1.61] | 1.02 [0.97;1.07] | 0.88 [0.64;1.20] | ||
| Congenital complications, ‘any’ | 47 228 (13.4%) | 89 (18.5%) | 791 (19.0%) | 4670 (14.7%) | 165 (17.6%) |
| 1.38 [1.15;1.67] | 1.42 [1.33;1.51] | 1.10 [1.07;1.13] | 1.32 [1.15;1.52] | ||
| Alimentary | 6429 (1.8%) | 9 (1.9%) | 74 (1.8%) | 622 (2.0%) | 12 (1.3%) |
| 1.03 [0.54;1.96] | 0.98 [0.78;1.23] | 1.08 [0.99;1.17] | 0.71 [0.40;1.24] | ||
| Chromosomal | 971 (0.3%) | — | 18 (0.4%) | 126 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 1.57 [0.99;2.51] | 1.45 [1.20;1.74] | 0.78 [0.19;3.11] | |||
| Circulatory | 7305 (2.1%) | 25 (5.2%) | 222 (5.3%) | 800 (2.5%) | 37 (4.0%) |
| 2.51 [1.71;3.68] | 2.58 [2.27;2.94] | 1.22 [1.14;1.31] | 1.92 [1.40;2.63] | ||
| Cleft | 510 (0.1%) | — | 12 (0.3%) | 49 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 2.00 [1.13;3.54] | 1.07 [0.80;1.44] | 1.48 [0.37;5.94] | |||
| Digestive | 998 (0.3%) | — | 21 (0.5%) | 107 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 1.79 [1.16;2.75] | 1.20 [0.98;1.46] | 0.76 [0.19;3.03] | |||
| Eye | 2631 (0.7%) | 4 (0.8%) | 33 (0.8%) | 263 (0.8%) | 8 (0.9%) |
| 1.12 [0.42;2.96] | 1.06 [0.76;1.50] | 1.12 [0.98;1.27] | 1.15 [0.58;2.29] | ||
| Face | 1216 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 23 (0.6%) | 107 (0.3%) | 7 (0.7%) |
| 0.60 [0.09;4.28] | 1.61 [1.06;2.42] | 0.98 [0.81;1.20] | 2.18 [1.04;4.56] | ||
| Genital | 5353 (1.5%) | 11 (2.3%) | 69 (1.7%) | 516 (1.6%) | 13 (1.4%) |
| 1.51 [0.84;2.71] | 1.09 [0.86;1.38] | 1.08 [0.98;1.18] | 0.92 [0.53;1.58] | ||
| Heart | 11 261 (3.2%) | 43 (8.9%) | 286 (6.9%) | 1200 (3.8%) | 58 (6.2%) |
| 2.80 [2.10;3.73] | 2.16 [1.92;2.41] | 1.19 [1.12;1.26] | 1.95 [1.52;2.50] | ||
| Integument | 4074 (1.2%) | 5 (1.0%) | 72 (1.7%) | 413 (1.3%) | 18 (1.9%) |
| 0.90 [0.38;2.15] | 1.50 [1.19;1.89] | 1.13 [1.02;1.25] | 1.67 [1.06;2.64] | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 11 336 (3.2%) | 11 (2.3%) | 136 (3.3%) | 1087 (3.4%) | 35 (3.7%) |
| 0.71 [0.40;1.28] | 1.02 [0.86;1.20] | 1.07 [1.01;1.14] | 1.17 [0.84;1.62] | ||
| Nervous | 1231 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 25 (0.6%) | 129 (0.4%) | 7 (0.7%) |
| 1.19 [0.30;4.76] | 1.72 [1.16;2.56] | 1.17 [0.98;1.40] | 2.15 [1.03;4.51] | ||
| Respiratory | 1743 (0.5%) | 5 (1.0%) | 26 (0.6%) | 179 (0.6%) | 6 (0.6%) |
| 2.10 [0.88;5.04] | 1.27 [0.86;1.86] | 1.15 [0.98;1.34] | 1.30 [0.59;2.89] | ||
| Urinary | 3093 (0.9%) | 5 (1.0%) | 46 (1.1%) | 357 (1.1%) | 12 (1.3%) |
| 1.19 [0.50;2.84] | 1.26 [0.95;1.69] | 1.29 [1.15;1.44] | 1.47 [0.84;2.58] | ||
| Other | 1163 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 33 (0.8%) | 114 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) |
| 0.63 [0.09;4.47] | 2.41 [1.71;3.40] | 1.09 [0.90;1.32] | 0.98 [0.31;3.02] | ||
| Major congenital complications, ‘any’ | 20 977 (5.9%) | 55 (11.4%) | 454 (10.9%) | 2203 (6.9%) | 89 (9.5%) |
| 1.92 [1.50;2.47] | 1.84 [1.68;2.01] | 1.17 [1.12;1.22] | 1.60 [1.32;1.96] | ||
| Major alimentary | 1086 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 16 (0.4%) | 114 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 0.68 [0.10;4.79] | 1.25 [0.76;2.05] | 1.17 [0.97;1.42] | 0.70 [0.17;2.78] | ||
| Major circulatory | 5314 (1.5%) | 17 (3.5%) | 172 (4.1%) | 569 (1.8%) | 29 (3.1%) |
| 2.35 [1.47;3.75] | 2.75 [2.37;3.19] | 1.19 [1.10;1.30] | 2.06 [1.44;2.96] | ||
| Major cleft | 510 (0.1%) | — | 12 (0.3%) | 49 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 2.00 [1.13;3.54] | 1.07 [0.80;1.44] | 1.48 [0.37;5.94] | |||
| Major digestive | 426 (0.1%) | — | 11 (0.3%) | 50 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| 2.19 [1.21;3.98] | 1.31 [0.98;1.75] | 0.89 [0.12;6.31] | |||
| Major eye | 165 (0.0%) | — | — | 14 (0.0%) | — |
| 0.95 [0.55;1.63] | |||||
| Major face | 54 (0.0)% | — | 1 (0.0%) | 8 (0.0%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| 1.57 [0.22;11.4] | 1.65 [0.79;3.47] | 14.0 [3.42;57.4] | |||
| Major genital | 1713 (0.5%) | 4 (0.8%) | 24 (0.6%) | 185 (0.6%) | 4 (0.4%) |
| 1.71 [0.64;4.55] | 1.19 [0.80;1.78] | 1.20 [1.04;1.40] | 0.88 [0.33;2.35] | ||
| Major heart | 10 661 (3.0%) | 38 (7.9%) | 272 (6.5%) | 1129 (3.6%) | 51 (5.5%) |
| 2.61 [1.93;3.55] | 2.17 [1.93;2.43] | 1.18 [1.11;1.25] | 1.81 [1.38;2.36] | ||
| Major musculoskeletal | 2370 (0.7%) | 1 (0.2%) | 31 (0.7%) | 231 (0.7%) | 8 (0.9%) |
| 0.31 [0.04;2.19] | 1.11 [0.78;1.58] | 1.09 [0.95;1.24] | 1.28 [0.64;2.55] | ||
| Major nervous | 585 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 13 (0.3%) | 64 (0.2%) | 5 (0.5%) |
| 1.25 [0.18;8.90] | 1.89 [1.09;3.27] | 1.22 [0.94;1.58] | 3.23 [1.34;7.78] | ||
| Major respiratory | 86 (0.0%) | — | 2 (0.0%) | 6 (0.0%) | — |
| 1.97 [0.49;8.02] | 0.78 [0.34;1.78] | ||||
| Major urinary | 2257 (0.6%) | 3 (0.6%) | 28 (0.7%) | 260 (0.8%) | 9 (1.0%) |
| 0.98 [0.32;3.02] | 1.05 [0.73;1.53] | 1.28 [1.13;1.46] | 1.51 [0.79;2.89] |
n = neonates from all pregnancies within each diabetes category. Complication rates are reported for all neonates from all pregnancies. Bolded text indicates statistical significance. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM; gestational diabetes mellitus; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.