Figure 4.

Schematic overview of concurrent, lagged, direct and indirect impacts of climate extremes on processes underlying ecosystem carbon dynamics. Respective references (selection of examples) are indicated as followed: ¹ Larcher (2003) and Mayr et al. (2007); ² Larcher (2003), Schulze et al. (2005), Lobell et al. (2012), Porter & Semenov (2005) and Niu et al. (2014); ³ Larcher (2003), Bréda et al. (2006), Keenan et al. (2010), Reichstein et al. (2007), Misson et al. (2010), Schwalm et al. (2010) and Eamus et al. (2013); ⁴ Rosenzweig et al. (2002), Vervuren et al. (2003), Kreuzwieser et al. (2004) and van der Velde et al. (2012); ⁵ Nykänen et al. (1997), Irland (2000), Changnon (2003), Hao et al. (2011) and Sun et al. (2012); ⁶ Berry et al. (2003), Fuhrer et al. (2006), MCPFE (2007), Lindroth et al. (2009), Zeng et al. (2009) and Negrón-Juárez et al. (2010b); ⁷ Larcher (2003), Schulze et al. (2005), Dittmar et al. (2006) and Bokhorst et al. (2009); ⁸ Larcher (2003), Porter & Semenov (2005), Bréda et al. (2006) and Lobell et al. (2012); ⁹ Barber et al. (2000), Eilmann et al. (2011), Fuhrer et al. (2006), Phillips et al. (2009), Michaelian et al. (2011), McDowell et al. (2013) and Peñuelas et al. (2013); ¹⁰ Vervuren et al. (2003) and Posthumus et al. (2009); ¹¹ MCPFE (2007), Chambers et al. (2007), Zeng et al. (2009) and Negrón-Juárez et al. (2010a,b); ¹² Fuhrer et al. (2006), Hilton et al. (2008) and García-Ruiz et al. (2013); ¹³ Wang et al. (2006) and Shinoda et al. (2011); ¹⁴ Jentsch et al. (2011) and Fuchslueger et al. (2014); ¹⁵ Moriondo et al. (2006) and Ganteaume et al. (2013); ¹⁶ Porter & Semenov (2005), Jentsch et al. (2009), Misson et al. (2011), Nagy et al. (2013) and Peñuelas et al. (2013); ¹⁷ Bréda et al. (2006), McDowell et al. (2008, 2011, 2013) and Walter et al. (2012); ¹⁸ Bréda et al. (2006), Adams et al. (2009), Allen et al. (2010), Michaelian et al. (2011), McDowell et al. (2008, 2011) and Granda et al. (2013); ¹⁹ Kreyling et al. (2011), Suarez & Kitzberger (2008) and Diez et al. (2012); ²⁰ Larcher (2003) and Walter et al. (2013); ²¹ Virtanen et al. (1998), Stahl et al. (2006), Robinet & Roques (2010) and Kausrud et al. (2012); ²² Bréda et al. (2006), Desprez-Loustau et al. (2006), Rouault et al. (2006), MCPFE (2007), McDowell et al. (2008, 2011), Jactel et al. (2012), Keith et al. (2012), Kausrud et al. (2012) and Walter et al. (2012); ²³ Schlyter et al. (2006), MCPFE (2007) and Komonen et al. (2011); ²⁴ Trigo et al. (2006) and Wendler et al. (2011); ²⁵ Kurz et al. (2008a); ²⁶ Øygarden (2003), Valentin et al. (2008) and Thothong et al. (2011); ²⁷ Sheik et al. (2011), Yuste et al. (2011) and, Fuchslueger et al. (2014); ²⁸ Sowerby et al. (2008).