Figure 5.

Global distribution of extreme events in the terrestrial carbon cycle, and approximate geographical locations of published climate extremes with impacts on the carbon cycle. Extreme events in the carbon cycle are defined as contiguous regions of extreme anomalies of GPP during the period 1982–2011 (modified after Zscheischler et al., ^2014b). Colour scale indicates the average reduction in gross carbon uptake compared to a normal year due to negative extremes in GPP. Units are gram carbon per square metre per year. The map highlights the IPCC regions with the following references to the published climate extremes. References: 1 pest outbreaks Canada/North America (Soja et al., ²⁰⁰⁷; Kurz et al., ^2008b), 2 ice storm North America (Irland, 2000), 3 drought US (Breshears et al., ²⁰⁰⁵; Schwalm et al., ²⁰¹²), 4 heavy storm Southern US (Chambers et al., ²⁰⁰⁷; Zeng et al., ²⁰⁰⁹; Negrón-Juárez et al., ^2010a), 5 heavy storm Amazon (Negrón-Juárez et al., ^2010b), 6 drought Amazon (Tian et al., ¹⁹⁹⁸; Phillips et al., ²⁰⁰⁹; Lewis et al., ²⁰¹¹), 7 heavy storm Europe (Fuhrer et al., ²⁰⁰⁶; Lindroth et al., ²⁰⁰⁹), 8 drought and heat extreme Europe (Ciais et al., ²⁰⁰⁵; Reichstein et al., ²⁰⁰⁷), 9 extreme drought, heat and fire in Russia (Barriopedro et al., ²⁰¹¹; Konovalov et al., ²⁰¹¹; Coumou & Rahmstorf, ²⁰¹²; Bastos et al., ^2013a), 10 ice storm China (Stone, 2008; Sun et al., ²⁰¹²)), 11 fire, drought SE Asia (Page et al., ²⁰⁰²; Schimel & Baker, ²⁰⁰²), 12 drought Australia (Haverd et al., ²⁰¹³), 13 heavy precipitation Australia (Bastos et al., ^2013b; Haverd et al., ²⁰¹³), 14 heavy precipitation Southern Africa (Bastos et al., ^2013b).