Table 1.
Putative biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy discovered in urine proteome analysis.
| Protein biomarkers | Up/downregulation | Cohort | Technique | Type of biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic amylase deoxyribonuclease I | ↓ | Healthy controls (n = 27) and diabetic patients (n = 27) | 8-plex iTRAQ | Diagnostic | [80] |
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| CD36 | ↑ | Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with normoalbuminuria (n = 20) and T2DM with microalbuminuria (n = 20) and T2DM with macroalbuminuria (n = 20) | ELISA | Prognostic | [118] |
|
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| Podocyte-secreted Angptl4 | ↑ | Diabetic rats | ELISA | diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker | [119] |
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| Gelsolin and antithrombin-III | GeLC-MS/MS | Diagnostic | [120] | ||
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| Ephrin type-B receptor 4 and vitamin K-dependent protein Z | GeLC-MS/MS | Prognostic | [120] | ||
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| AMBP, MLL3, and VDAC1 | LC-MS/MS | Diagnostic | [121] | ||
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| Fetuin-A | ↑ | DN patients (n = 85) | Lectin microarray | Prognostic | [122] |
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| Collagen fragments (specially collagen α-1(I) chain) | ↓ | DN patients (n = 35) | CE-MS | Diagnostic | [79] |