Table 4.
Biomarker candidates for MN discovered by urine proteome analysis.
| Protein biomarkers | Up/downregulation | Cohort | Technique | Type of biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | ↓ | MN (n = 30), minimal change disease (MCD) (n = 8), FSGS (n = 10), necrotizing glomerulonephritis (n = 8), DN (n = 12), and healthy control (n = 33) | ELISA | Diagnostic | [126] |
|
| |||||
| β2m | ↑ | iMN (n = 57) | ELISA | Prognostic-predictive | [127] |
|
| |||||
| Nephrin | — | Passive Heymann nephritis (n = 16), normal rat (n = 5) | Western blot | Qualitative diagnostic | [128] |
|
| |||||
| LIMP-2 | ↑ | iMN (n = 5), FSGS (n = 5), and healthy control (n = 3) | iTRAQ and verification with immunofluorescence of glomeruli | Diagnostic | [104] |
|
| |||||
| α1M, URBP | — | Complete remission (CR) (n = 1), partial remission (PR) (n = 9), limited response (LR) (n = 5), and nonresponders (NR) (n = 4) | Nephelometry | Predictive | [106] |