Table 5.
Urinary candidate biomarkers for AKI.
| Protein biomarkers | Up/downregulation | Cohort | Technique | Type of biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-18 | ↑ | AKI after CBP (n = 20), controls (n = 35) | ELISA | Predictive | [129] |
|
| |||||
| KIM-1, NAG, and NGAL | ↑ | AKI (n = 36), early AKI (n = 16), late AKI (n = 20), and non-AKI (n = 54) | ELISA | Predictive | [130] |
|
| |||||
| Aprotinin | ↑ | 106 pediatric patients undergoing CPB | SELDI-TOF-MS | Predictive | [110] |
|
| |||||
| NGAL | ↑ | 71 children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass | Western blot and ELISA | Predictive | [131] |
|
| |||||
| KIM-1 | ↑ | Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats (n = 4) | ELISA | Predictive | [132] |
|
| |||||
| Albumin, α-1-antitrypsin, and β-2-microglobulin | ↑ | AKI (n = 16) and non-AKI (n = 14) from ICU patients as training set, AKI (n = 9) and non-AKI (n = 11) from ICU patients, and AKI (n = 13) and non-AKI (n = 19) from HSCT patients as validation set | CE-MS | Diagnostic | [111] |
|
| |||||
| Fibrinogen α and collagens 1α(I) and 1α(III) | ↓ | CE-MS | Diagnostic | [111] | |
|
| |||||
| Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein and a fragment of adrenomedullin-binding protein | ↓ | Discovery cohort: AKI (n = 6) and non-AKI (n = 6); validation cohort: AKI (n = 23) and non-AKI (n = 45) | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS and validation by ELISA and western blot | Predictive | [112] |
|
| |||||
| IGFBP-7 and NGAL | ↑ | LNR (n = 26), ER (n = 26), and control (n = 12) | 2D-DIGE and validation by ELISA | Diagnostic/prognostic | [113] |
|
| |||||
| Netrin-1 | ↑ | AKI (n = 26), non-AKI (n = 34) | ELISA | Predictive | [133] |
|
| |||||
| α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin | ↑ | Discovery cohort: AKI (n = 15) and control (n = 15); validation cohort: AKI (n = 135) and control (n = 230) | SELDI-TOF-MS and validation by nephelometry | Diagnostic/prognostic | [134] |
|
| |||||
| Hsp72 | ↑ | AKI (n = 17), control (n = 20) | ELISA | Predictive | [135] |