Table 2.
Summary of Long-Term Histopathological Deficits by Model
| FPI | Controlled cortical impact | Blast TBI | Closed head injury | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross changes in morphology/histology | X | X | ||
| Ventricular enlargement and gray/white matter shrinkage | X | X | X | |
| Cell death patterns | X | X | ||
| Apoptosis | X | X | X | |
| Autophagy | X | |||
| Necrosis | X | X | ||
| Axonal injury | X | X | X | X |
| Cerebrovascular histopathology | X | X | X | |
| Inflammation | X | X | ||
| Neurogenesis | X | X | X |
This table states whether or not literature was identified that reported long-term effects of TBI on the histopathological outcomes of interest in this review; however, it does not compare model subtypes (e.g., medial FPI vs. lateral FPI) nor does it provide information regarding extent or severity of each outcome.
TBI, traumatic brain injury; FPI, fluid percussion injury.