(A) Postmortem from a patient who survived 7 years after severe TBI. Note the dilated ventricles, focal areas of white matter (WM) degeneration (arrows), atrophic corpus callosum, and prominence of the interhemispheric and Sylvian fissures reflective of generalized cortical atrophy. (B) Similar-level T1 MRI coronal section depicting comparable ventricular dilation, and also note the prominence of the cortical sulci and Sylvian fissure as well. (C) Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence depicting bilateral WM signal abnormality. (D) Resliced from the axial acquisition of the FLAIR sequence, this coronal FLAIR image shows extensive WM changes in the periventricular and deep WM of the frontal lobes, in association with the dilated ventricles. The focal areas of WM degeneration that can be seen in (A) will display as signal abnormality in the WM as shown in (D). Reprinted from Bigler and Maxwell (2011), with kind permission of IOS Press.