Figure 2.

Stressors and stress models affecting fear extinction in rodents. A range of established stressors, applied singly or in combination, either acutely or chronically, has been shown to cause impairments in extinction acquisition or retrieval, sometimes in association with increased fear. Abnormalities in fear and extinction are also found after rodents are subjected to the stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) (Rau et al, 2005), single-prolonged stress (SPL) (Yamamoto et al, 2009), and immediate-extinction deficit (IED) (Maren, 2014b) models of stress.