Table 2. Cognitive Outcomes of CES Induced by Limited Bedding/Nesting Environment.

CES period	Sex	Strain	Acute/long term	Outcomes	References
P 1–7	Both	Rats: Long-Evans	P 7	Attachment learning deficits.	Moriceau et al, 2009
P 2–9	Male	Mice: C57BL/6 J	4–8 months	Memory impairments in MWM and NOR tests. No anxiety-like behavior in OF test.	Rice et al, 2008
P 2–9	Male	Mice: 129S2/Sv × C57BL/6 J	6 months	Memory impairments in MWM and Y-maze tests.	Wang et al, 2011
P 2–9	Male	Rats: Sprague-Dawley	10–12 months	Memory deficits in MWM and NOR tests.	Brunson et al, 2005; Ivy et al, 2010
P 2–9	Male	Mice	Adult	Abnormal learning and memory in several tasks.	Naninck et al, 2015
P 2–9	Male	Mice	P 45	Abnormal hippocampal learning and molecular signaling.	Wang et al, 2013
P 2–9	Male	Mice	Adult	Abnormal prefrontal cortex-dependent cognitive functions.	Yang et al, 2015

Abbreviations: CES, chronic early-life stress; MWM, Morris water maze; NOR, novel object recognition; OF, open field; P, postnatal day.