Table 2. Summary of Associations Between Institutional Rearing and Brain Morphology Revealed by Structural MRI.

Authors (year)	Imaging method	Global brain Vm	Amygdala	Hippocampus	PFC	Corpus callosum	Cerebellum	WB or ROI	ROI method	Timing effect	Other sig. regions
Mehta et al, 2009a	sMRI	Total brain Vm. PI<HC	PI>HC (right)	NS		NS		ROI	Stereological point counting	Duration of neglect negatively associated with left amygdala volume
Bauer et al, 2009	sMRI						PI>HC (superior posterior only; bilat.)	ROI	AS
Tottenham et al, 2010	sMRI	Total cortical volume: NS	LA>EA & HC (bilat.)	NS				ROI	AS	Age of adoption positively associated with amygdala volume
Sheridan et al, 2012	sMRI	T cort. GM: EIG<NIG; T cort. WM: CAUG<FCG<NIG	NS	NS		CAUG<FCG<NIG (posterior region)		ROI	AS
McLaughlin et al, 2013	sMRI				EIG<NIG thickness: sup. frontal gyrus; mid frontal gyrus; orbitofrontal; frontal pole			WB			EIG<NIG: thickness in various regions of parietal, temporal, occip. cortex
Hanson et al, 2014	sMRI		PI<HC (left)	NS				ROI	MT
Hodel et al, 2015	sMRI		NS	PI LA<HC (left)	GM and SA: PI<HC; bilat. Sup. frontal gyrus, left pars orbitalis; thickness: left inf. frontal gyrus: PI LA<HC			ROI		Age at adoption inversely associated with hippocampal volume

Abbreviations: AS, automated segmentation; bilat., bilateral; CAUG, care as usual group; cort., cortical; EA, early adopted; EIG, ever institutionally reared; FCG, foster care group; GM, gray matter; HC, healthy control; Inf., inferior; LA, late adopted; MT, manual tracing; NIG, never institutionally reared; NS, not significant; occip., occipital; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PI, previously institutionally reared; ROI, region of interest; SA, surface area; sig., significant; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging; sup., superior; T, total; Vm, volume; WB, whole brain; WM, white matter.