Table 1.

Reported maternal plasma lipid concentration in pregnancy.

Studied population (number of pregnant women)	Trimester of pregnancy	TCh	HDL	LDL	Tg	Observations	Reference
USA (142)	1 2 3	180 230 260	70 80 76	110 137 162	112 162 212	Maternal overweight and obesity association with lipid concentration during pregnancy	[37]
Brazil (288)	1 2 3	186 228 243	54 62 62	108 143 135	97 150 177	Maternal lipid concentration during pregnancy as a risk factor for GDM	[38]
Argentina (101)	1 2 3	160 201 244	58 62 61	78 107 144	90 140 202	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[39]
Chile (265)	1 2 3	178 232 269	60 73 75	102 124 147	108 179 244	Maternal lipid concentration association with impaired endothelium dependent dilation of the human umbilical vein	[6]
Chile (74)	1 2 3	— — 238	— — 72	— — 120	— — 232	Cut-off point for TCh in maternal plasma from where fetoplacental vascular dysfunction is seen	[5]
UK (178)	1 2 3	215 252 281	67 81 69	124 126 159	125 180 252	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids and apolipoproteins during pregnancy	[40]
UK (17)	1 2 3	164 212 261	— — —	— — —	77 133 233	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids and markers of oxidative stress in normal and GDM pregnancies	[41]
Ireland (222)	1 2 3	197 224 278	65 75 68	104 128 147	— — —	Reference values for maternal lipids during pregnancy	[42]
Italy (22)	1 2 3	178 247 282	68 73 68	97 153 168	93 155 230	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[43]
Sweden (18)	1 2 3	182 238 248	69 79 69	104 140 153	99 165 215	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[44]
Spain (45)	1 2 3	166 193 228	— — —	— — —	71 106 150	Measurement of maternal plasma LDL oxidation in normal, GDM, and obese pregnancies	[45]
Spain (25)	1 2 3	170 234 254	68 82 71	89 136 153	60 117 184	Maternal lipases activity and hormones concentrations during pregnancy	[46]
Serbia (50)	1 2 3	190 245 267	75 89 79	97 126 144	85 151 219	Maternal lipid concentration association with newborn size	[47]
Turkey (801)	1 2 3	166 — 271	53 — 63	94 — 155	93 — 274	Maternal lipid concentrations with fetal growth and development in GDM and preeclampsia	[48]
Israel (3938)	1 2 3	175 225 238	58 63 63	88 121 137	100 175 237	Association of maternal lipid concentration with preeclampsia and GDM	[49]
Nigeria (60)	1 2 3	172 203 232	41 51 63	112 126 136	93 128 171	Atherosclerotic risk in pregnant women	[50]

Women were subjected to lipids determination at 1st trimester (0–14 weeks of gestation), 2nd trimester (14–28 weeks of gestation), or 3rd trimester (28–40 weeks of gestation) of pregnancy. TCh: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Tg: triglycerides. —: not reported; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. Values are mean in mg/dL.