Figure 2. Experimental and numerical analysis of droplets frozen in non-contact device.

(a) Morphology of droplet hanging on the freezing film; (b) Schematic diagram shows geometric model and boundary conditions of a droplet; (c) Experimental and numerical results of temperature and crystallization variation of a droplet during freezing; (d–f) Crystallization in different time points (upper: recorded by high speed camera (scale bar: 1 mm); lower: numerical results); (g) Final crystallization distribution in a droplet; (h) Experimental temperature variation in warming process; (i) Crystallization prediction in different droplets.