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. 2015 Dec 14;5:18110. doi: 10.1038/srep18110

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The endolymphatic sac is connected to the cochlear and vestibular systems through the ductus reuniens (DR), the utricular duct (UD), and the saccular duct (SD) and has a different endolymphatic potential and ion and protein composition compared to those of the cochlear and vestibular systems. ESP, endolymphatic sac potential; ECP, endocochlear potential; UP, utricular potential.