Figure 1.

Meta-regression analysis of the relationship between sex ratio (proportion of men) and mean age of onset in phenotypes of adult-onset dystonia. Fifty-three reports of mean age of onset and sex ratio of five adult-onset dystonia phenotypes (listed in Table S1 in Supplementary Material). In each filled circle, the diameter of the circle is proportional to the square root of the number of individuals in that study. Circle color indicates musician’s dystonia (pink), focal hand dystonia (blue), cervical dystonia (green), laryngeal dystonia (turquoise), and blepharospasm (red). A linear decreasing proportion of men (reducing male:female ratio) with increasing mean age of onset is statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The pseudo-R² value for this association is 59.63%. The solid line is the fitted meta-regression back transformed from the logit scale. The dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals for the mean association back transformed to the original scale.