Table 2.

Interventions performed to increase scholarly activity in the literature

		Time studied (years)	Protected time	Research requirement	Mentors	Curriculum	Research assistant	Research director	Biostatistician	IT support	Research fund available	Opportunities or awards	Funding: performance based	Funding: salary at risk	Specifics of interventions	Reported publication outcomes
Interventions on faculty
Bertram et al. (27)	GIM faculty (n=13–39/year)	16			x		x	x	x		x				Director: 10–20% salary support; co-director: 5–10% support	334 publications/16 years (0.83 pubs/fac/years)
Cramer et al. (35)	Fam med faculty (n=38–49/year)	3												x	RVU-based incentive plan (2% of salary at risk)	Research points increased from 524 to 775 (48% increase)
Filler et al. (40)	Staff Pediatricians (n=32) and administrators (n=5)	3											x		Productivity bonus (approximately 10%) for excellence in research, practice, education, administration	No difference in research scores; publications not reported
Reich et al. (33)	Anesthesia faculty (n=?)	1												x	Productivity-based incentive; 70% of salary at risk	No change in publications
Sakai et al. (30)	Clinical faculty (n=90–145/year)	6												x	Performance-based incentive, 30% of salary at risk	161 publications/8 years (1.13 pubs/fac/years)
Schweitzer et al. (32)	Medical school faculty (n=?)	10			x		x		x	x	x	x	x		Productivity-based incentive tied to tenure	Incr in funding $20–$90 M; publications not reported
Tarquinio et al. (41)	Physicians in 12 clinical divisions	2											x		Financial incentives	Incr growth of research per scientist growth from 9%/year to 23%/year
Interventions on residents in training
Byrnes 2005 et al. (22)	IM residents (n=72/year)	3	x		x	x		x							4 months approved elective time with mentor	Research from 6% to 29%; pubs not reported
Carek et al. (24)	Fam med residents (n=20/year)	10	x	x	x	x			x						Required curriculum for senior residents; protected time	15 publications/1 year (0.05 pubs/res/years)
Chang and Mills (31)	ENT residents (n=10.5/year)	8											x		Productivity-based incentive, for distribution of dept. discretionary funds	41 publications/14 years (0.29 pubs/res/year)
Durning et al. (28)	IM residents (n=30/year)	5		x	x	x		x							Residency research director spent 7 hours/week on projects	17 publications/5 years (0.11 pubs/res/year)
Fancher et al. (25)	IM residents (n=87/year)	4		x	x	x							x		4-week required course; funding to present if accepted	2 publications/1 year (0.02 pubs/res/year)
Fischer and Cation (29)	IM residents (n=24/year)	6		x	x	x		x					x		RRD, elective time, mandatory requirement	No publications
Hepburn et al. (23)	IM residents (n=30/year)	5	x	x	x	x		x		x		x			Mandatory res requirement, 2 months dedicated time	21 publications/5 years (0.14 pubs/res/year)
Holmes et al. (26)	EM residents (n=24/year)	10		x											Required research	36 publications/10 years (0.15 pub/res/year)
Kanna et al. (13)	IM residents (n=84/year)	2	x	x	x	x		x		x		x			2-week required rotation; assigned mentor; awards day	49 publications/2 years (0.29 pubs/res/year)
Roane et al. (20)	Psych residents (n=48/year)	5		x	x	x			x						Required research, assigned mentors	32 publications/5 years (0.13 pubs/res/year)
Rothberg et al. (11)	IM residents (n=54/year)	6	x	x	x	x	x	x	x			x			RRD with 0.25 FTE protected Time; biostats and research assist support	58 publications/7 years (0.15 pubs/res/year)
Vinci et al. (21)	Peds residents (n=126/year)	5	x		x	x		x					x		Elective 3-month rotation, assigned mentors, 25 hours mandatory curriculum	15 publications/5 years (0.02 pubs/res/year)
Interventions in both faculty and residents
Alweis 2015	IM residents, faculty (n=33–51/year)	14	x	x	x	x		x	x		x	x	x		Research electives, incentive plan for faculty and then residents	176 resident publications/14 years (0.44 pubs/res/year); 21 faculty publications/14 years (0.20 pubs/fac/year)