Plant growth and lignin analysis. A, Thioglycolic acid (TGA) quantification of lignin content. B, Derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) lignin composition. Total guaiacyl (G)+syringyl (S) is ≥94% in all samples. C, DFRC
p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignin. D, Plant heights at 6 weeks of age. E, Plant images of 4cl1 4cl2 and 4cl1 4cl2 4cl3 mutants compared with the wild type at 8 weeks of age. Error bars represent the sd of the means of three biological replicates. Using GraphPad Prism, the means were compared by one-way ANOVA (fixed model), and statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were identified by Dunnett’s test and are indicated by a to c or a′ to c′.