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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Jun 14;1863(3):382–391. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.036

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Signaling between breast cancer cells (BCCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) stimulates metastasis. Large colored arrows indicate intercellular signaling through interaction of ligand with its cognate receptor. Thin black arrows indicate intracellular signaling activated by ligand-receptor interaction. Hypoxia-inducible factors directly activate transcription of the genes encoding the three ligands (CXCL16, PGF, CSF1) and two receptors (CCR5, CXCR3) in hypoxic BCCs.