Table 1.

Application method	Species, strain	Pain model	Behavioral paradigm	Effects	Reference
i.t.	Rat	Formalin	Thermal escape test, formalin test	Escape latency (+), flinching (−)	[13]
i.p.	Mouse	Normal	Hot-plate test	Licking latency (+)	[11]
i.t. or i.p.	Rat (SD)	Static compression	Von Frey assay	Hindpaw-withdrawal threshold (+)	[12]

i.t., intrathecal; i.p., intraperitoneal; SD, Sprague-Dawley.