Table 1.
Individual and common effects between each putative risk factor and MUS (n = 990) 1, adjusted for age and sex. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
| CWP (n = 93) vs no CWP (n = 897) |
CF (n = 125) vs no CF (n = 865) |
Comparison |
Common effect |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | |
| Demographic details (N, %) | |||||||
| Age: | |||||||
| 25–34 (166.17%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| 35–44 (259,26%) | 1.4 | 0.7–2.9 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.0 | 0.20 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 |
| 45–54 (238.24%) | 0.9 | 0.4–2.0 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | |
| ≥ 55 (327.33%) | 1.8 | 0.9–3.6 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | |
| Female sex2 (549.56%) | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 0.69 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 |
| Single (148.15%) | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | 0.22 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 |
| Married/cohabiting (732.74%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | - | 1.0 | Referent |
| Separated/widowed/divorced (102.10%) | 2.7 | 1.5–4.8 | 2.7 | 1.3–5.7 | 0.80 | 2.7 | 1.8–4.0 |
| Less than 12 years of education (261.26%) | 2.6 | 1.5–4.4 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.2 | 0.01 | No common effect | |
| No confidant (64.6%) | 1.4 | 0.6–3.1 | 3.1 | 1.6–6.0 | 0.09 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.6 |
| Working (778.79%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | - | 1.0 | Referent |
| Unemployed, and seeking work (18.2%) | 2.2 | 0.6–7.7 | 2.7 | 0.6–13.1 | 0.69 | 2.4 | 1.0–5.9 |
| Not working due to ill health (26.3%) | 1.8 | 0.0–230 | 2.0 | 1.2–3.5 | 0.56 | 1.9 | 1.2–2.9 |
| Student, retired, etc. (152.15%) | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.51 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 |
| Off work due to ill health in the past month (111.11%) | 1.9 | 1.1–3.4 | 2.3 | 1.4–3.8 | 0.53 | 2.1 | 1.4–3.1 |
| Compensation claim (10.1%) | 6.8 | 1.8–25.2 | 1.8 | 0.4–8.8 | 0.14 | 3.5 | 1.2–10.1 |
| Health status and healthcare use | |||||||
| Somatic Symptom Index score: | |||||||
| < 26 (787.80%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| 26–30 (115.12%) | 4.0 | 2.2–7.2 | 5.2 | 2.9–9.0 | 0.72 | 4.4 | 3.0–6.5 |
| > 30 (88.9%) | 8.9 | 4.9–16.4 | 11.0 | 5.7–21.0 | 9.3 | 6.3–13.7 | |
| 2 or more current medical illnesses (88.9%) | 4.5 | 2.3–8.7 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.8 | 0.017 | No common effect | |
| SF-12 mental score: | |||||||
| ≥ 50 (558.56%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |||
| 40–50 (217.22%) | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | 3.3 | 1.7–6.3 | < 0.001 | No common effect | |
| < 40 (215 (22%) | 2.9 | 1.7–4.8 | 16.0 | 5.8–44.4 | |||
| SF-12 physical score: | |||||||
| ≥ 50,657.66%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| 40–50 (186.19%) | 3.4 | 1.9–5.9 | 2.1 | 1.3–3.5 | 0.72 | 2.5 | 1.7–3.7 |
| < 40 (147.15%) | 5.3 | 3.0–9.4 | 4.7 | 2.9–7.8 | 4.7 | 3.3–6.8 | |
| No of consultations in primary care in the previous year: | |||||||
| 0 (289.29%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| 1 (203.21%) | 1.4 | 0.7–2.7 | 2.1 | 1.1–3.9 | 0.60 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.8 |
| 2 or 3 (249.25%) | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 | 2.2 | 1.2–4.0 | 1.8 | 1.2–2.7 | |
| ≥ 4 (187.19%) | 2.6 | 1.4–4.8 | 3.1 | 1.6–5.8 | 2.8 | 1.8–4.4 | |
| Childhood factors | |||||||
| Maternal care score: | |||||||
| ≥ 18 Good (522.53%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| 15–18 Poor (222.22%) | 1.3 | 0.8–2.2 | 1.2 | 0.7–1.9 | 0.19 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 |
| 0–14 Very poor (246.25%) | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.6 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | |
| Maternal over-control | 0.95 | 0.6–1.5 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.0 | 0.20 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.6 |
| Any childhood abuse (65.7%) | 1.9 | 0.9–4.1 | 2.0 | 0.98–4.0 | 0.84 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.2 |
| Sexual abuse (113.11%) | 1.6 | 0.8–2.9 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.2 | 0.55 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.7 |
| Psychological abuse (51.5%) | 2.3 | 1.05–5.2 | 2.3 | 1.1–4.8 | 0.92 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.9 |
| Physical abuse (35.4%) | 2.1 | 0.8–5.7 | 2.2 | 0.9–5.4 | 0.96 | 2.1 | 1.1–4.0 |
| Loss of mother < 16 yrs. (22.2%) | 2.1 | 0.7–6.5 | 2.1 | 0.7–6.3 | 0.94 | 2.1 | 0.9–4.7 |
| Loss of father < 16 yrs. (52.5%) | 2.1 | 0.9–4.7 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.2 | 0.10 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.5 |
| Adult attachment, recent stress and current mental state | |||||||
| Fearful attachment (143.14%) | 1.5 | 0.9–2.7 | 2.5 | 1.5–4.0 | 0.12 | 2.0 | 1.4–2.9 |
| Preoccupied attachment (71.7%) | 1.3 | 0.6–2.8 | 2.4 | 1.3–4.3 | 0.15 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.1 |
| Dismissing attachment (216.22%) | 1.5 | 0.92–2.5 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 | 0.046 | No common effect | |
| Recent serious illness or injury to the participant (65.7%) | 3.0 | 1.5–5.8 | 2.8 | 1.5–5.3 | 0.82 | 2.8 | 1.8–4.5 |
| Recent serious illness or injury to a close relative (228.23%) | 1.2 | 0.8–2.0 | 2.3 | 1.5–3.5 | 0.034 | No common effect | |
| Death of close relative (51.5%) | 1.5 | 0.7–3.6 | 2.8 | 1.5–5.5 | 0.23 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.8 |
| Death of close friend (158.16%) | 1.6 | 0.9–2.6 | 1.6 | 0.96–2.6 | 0.88 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.3 |
| Threatening experiences: | |||||||
| None (478.48%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| One (278.28%) | 1.4 | 0.8–2.3 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 | 0.16 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.4 |
| Two or more (232.23%) | 2.2 | 1.3–3.6 | 4.0 | 2.5–6.3 | 3.0 | 2.1–4.3 | |
| Neuroticism score: | |||||||
| 0–11 (270.27%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |||
| 12–17 (261.26%) | 1.8 | 0.9–3.7 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.8 | |||
| 18–24 (232.23%) | 2.3 | 1.1–4.6 | 5.8 | 2.2–15.3 | < 0.001 | No common effect | |
| > 24 (227.23%) | 3.4 | 1.7–6.8 | 16.6 | 3.7–73.7 | |||
| HADS anxiety score: | |||||||
| 0–7 (664.67%) 8–10 (185.19%) ≥ 11 (141.14%) |
1.0 2.0 3.9 |
Referent 1.2–3.5 2.2–6.9 |
1.0 4.1 9.3 |
Referent 2.5–6.9 5.3–16.4 |
0.011 |
No common effect |
|
| HADS depression score: | |||||||
| 0–7 (900.91%) | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |||
| 8–10 (56.6%) | 2.9 | 1.4–6.2 | 6.0 | 3.0–11.9 | 0.031 | No common effect | |
| ≥ 11 (34.3%) | 3.7 | 1.5–8.8 | 11.5 | 4.7–28.1 | |||
1 Excludes subjects with missing data.
2 adjusted for age only.
MUS Medically Unexplained Symptoms.
CWP = chronic widespread pain, CF = chronic fatigue.
OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval for odds ratio.
P = p-value for Wald test for common effects. Common effect odds ratio and 95% CI is only presented if Wald p is not significant at the 5% level.