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. 2015 Dec 15;12:217. doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0450-x

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© Kumthip and Maneekarn. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Classical pathways of type I IFN induction and HCV mediating IFN resistance. HCV dsRNA is detected by the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and subsequently triggers the cascade of adaptor proteins, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and TIR-domain containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), respectively. This leads to the activation of the type I IFN induction pathway. Binding of IFNs to their cellular receptors activates an intracellular signaling cascade via the Jak/STAT signaling pathway and leads to the up-regulation of a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression [80–82]