Fig. 2.

Ashwagandha prevents TNF-α-induced CCL5 gene expression. Confluent NRK-52E cells were treated for 24 h with water-soluble extracts of ashwagandha, sutherlandia or elderberry (1:100). After 24 h, cells were challenged with 10 ng/ml of TNF-α for 24 h alone or in the presence of the botanical extract. CCL5 gene expression was determined by qPCR. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three replicate cultures, * indicates a significant difference as compared to control (no botanical, no TNF-α), # indicates a significant difference from TNF-α-challenged cultures