Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the men by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status
(Mean values and standard deviations, or percentages)
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deficient (<30) (n 295) | Inadequate (30–49·9) (n 574) | Adequate (≥50) (n 1261) | |||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P | |
| Characteristic | |||||||
| Age (years) | 76·2 | 5·7 | 76·6 | 5·5 | 76·5 | 5·2 | 0·58 |
| Height (cm) | 175·4 | 6·2 | 175·2 | 6·2 | 175·8 | 6·1 | 0·16 |
| Weight (kg) | 83·9 | 14·8 | 84·3 | 13·8 | 82·2 | 12·8 | 0·0038 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27·2 | 4·3 | 27·4 | 3·9 | 26·6 | 3·6 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/l)* | 27·0 | 5·5 | 41·0 | 10·2 | 68·6 | 22·4 | <0·0001 |
| GDS-15 score | 2·9 | 2·7 | 2·3 | 1·8 | 2·1 | 1·8 | <0·0001 |
| Current major depressive disorder (%) | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0·002 | |||
| Lifestyle | |||||||
| Education (%) | 0·0117 | ||||||
| Primary | 17 | 18 | 13 | ||||
| Secondary | 54 | 51 | 54 | ||||
| College | 15 | 13 | 13 | ||||
| University | 14 | 18 | 20 | ||||
| Current smoker (%) | 22 | 12 | 9 | <0·0001 | |||
| Cod liver oil intake (%) | <0·0001 | ||||||
| <Once per week | 61 | 38 | 16 | ||||
| 1–6 times per week | 11 | 15 | 9 | ||||
| Daily | 28 | 47 | 75 | ||||
| Antidepressant use (%) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0·06 | |||
| Multivitamin use (%) | 15 | 21 | 30 | <0·0001 | |||
| Physical activity (h/week) | 0·82 | 1·96 | 1·32 | 2·32 | 1·69 | 2·52 | <0·0001 |
| Alcohol (g/week)* | 4·8 | 24·1 | 6·4 | 26·4 | 8·0 | 24·8 | 0·0098 |
| Leisure activities (d/month) | 4·5 | 3·4 | 4·6 | 3·7 | 4·6 | 3·5 | 0·83 |
| Living with partner (%) | 66 | 74 | 81 | <0·0001 | |||
| Chronic diseases | |||||||
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 20 | 17 | 13 | 0·0129 | |||
| CHD (%) | 38 | 33 | 32 | 0·18 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 87 | 80 | 79 | 0·0084 | |||
GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.
*
Median and interquartile range.