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Cross-sectional prevalence of (a) CES-D caseness by smoking status and (b) smoking status by CES-D caseness and longitudinal changes in (c) CES-D caseness as a function of baseline smoking status and (d) smoking status as a function of baseline CES-D caseness.
CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; †Based on ≥4 CES-D cut-off; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
