Table 2.

P Value Summary for Analyses of Effect of Prenatal Negative Controls and BPA Doses (0, 5, 50, 500, 5000, and 50 000 µg/kg/d), not Including the DES-0.1 Group.^a

Variable	PROC GLM ANOVA	Multilevel Regression
	BPA Doses	Improvement in Fit: Quadratic Over Linear-Only Model
Body weight
Birth weight	= 0.550	= 0.420
Week 3 weight	= 0.020	= 0.019
Week 19 weight	= 0.193	= 0.069
Energy intake, week 3-4	= 0.358	= 0.033
Energy intake, week 4-5	= 0.201	= 0.028
Adipocytes
Gonadal fat weight	= 0.017	= 0.022
Renal fat weight	= 0.019	= 0.076
Total abdominal fat weight	= 0.035	= 0.047
Gonadal adipocyte number	= 0.003	= 0.002
Gonadal adipocyte volume	= 0.006	= 0.052
Renal adipocyte number	= 0.011	= 0.250
Renal adipocyte volume	= 0.121	= 0.654
Liver and kidney weight
Liver weight	= 0.003	< 0.001
Kidney weight	= 0.137	= 0.947
GTT and ITT
Glucose tolerance test	= 0.062	= 0.008
Insulin tolerance test	= 0.144	= 0.137
Serum hormones
Insulin	= 0.008	= 0.004
Leptin	= 0.035	= 0.349
Adiponectin	= 0.031	= 0.099

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; BPA, bisphenol A; DES, diethylstilbestrol; GTT, glucose tolerance test; ITT, insulin tolerance test; GD, gestation day.

^aPregnant CD-1 mice were fed these doses of BPA (and DES as a positive control) in oil from GD 9 to 18, and male offspring were examined for these outcomes. The number of litters per treatment group was 14, 9, 12, 12, 11, 14, and 9, respectively. Two males per litter were examined for all outcomes except serum hormones (5-7 males from different litters). Column 1 shows results of standard linear ANOVAs using PROC GLM in SAS (controlling for litter membership). Column 2 gives P values for comparison of two nested linear regression models, with and without a [log(dose)]2 term using the R Statistical System. A significant result (indicated in bold) provides evidence that a U or inverted-U curve fits the data better than a simple linear fit, and indicates a non-monotonic dose–response function. Males were evaluated when 4 to 5 months old unless otherwise indicated. For details about the statistics, see Supplemental Materials from Angle et al.²⁸